Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

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168 plateau, 25 kilometers wide, overlooking the Hanifah wadi (valley), one of the major arterial wadis (Batha, Ghuberah, Wubayr and Namar) transversing the region. Wadi Hanifah is the most important wadi in the whole region of Najd. The spine-like dry water bed of wadi Hanifah threads together scattered agrarian settlements constituting the fertile region of Al-A'arid. Riyadh thus lies at the confluence of these major wadis, whose seasonal, intermittent rainfall supplied the oases with rainwater, barely sufficient to sustain subsistence agriculture, the mainstay of the Najd's agrarian society. These arterial wadis and their tributaries endowed the town with a water source making possible the development of crops and palm date farms hence giving the mud town its name Riyadh, which literally means 'gardens'. In an account of her historical crossing of the Arabian peninsula from sea to sea in 1937, Geraldine Rendel, wrote: To land in Saudi Arabia is to enter both an older and a newer world. An older world, because its social philosophy still holds so much of the best of the Middle Ages; a newer one, because it is one of the newest of the larger postwar states...Ar Riyadh is surrounded by mud-brick walls with towers at intervals. We entered the city by the Thumairy Gate, which leads up a wide street with high houses of mud and limestone built straight onto the road, to the Palace Square. 4 According to Rendel's account, Riyadh's form corresponded to the familiar layout of traditional (preindustrial) Islamic cities. 5 It consisted of a central mosque, a palace, the commercial complex, suq, and residential uses. King Abdul-Aziz's palace dominated the focal point of the walled, walking city. The palace, which was higher than the rest of the town's buildings, was a fortified structure with two 'massive' towers and was surrounded by a network of smaller mansions, occupied by the royalty, accounted for a considerable part of the city area (Figures 6.1, 6.2). The Bazaar abutted the Palace square from the east. The northend was closed by a double colonnade, misbah. Next to the square was the Great Mosque, which in addition to the other eleven neighborhood mosques served the religious needs of the population. 6 Due to the increasing number of transients who paid tribute to the King, the market grew disproportionately to the town's remaining areas giving the town a population of 60,000 at the end of the fifth decade. The suq comprised a series of clustered tiny shops with dimensions, each about five feet wide by six feet in length containing goods, coffee pots
169 iMusmak Built Area '-'r.identiriod La wet GATES 1. Suwailim 2. Dhuhairah 3. Thurrairi 4. Giri 5. Unidentified 6. DuKnnah 7. Hi identified 8. Hiraigib 9. Mathbah Mosques This plan is prepared by the author to construct the physical layout of old Riyadh, based on information gathered from literature, a small scale f 1:60000) aerial photograph taken by ARAMCO in 1950. and other photographic mapping of 196-1 by the Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals. The layout of ccniral areas and of areas adjacent to the wall, was difficult to identify, because of the heavy destruction to which these pans were subjected. Figure 6.1 Riyadh still a walled town in 1950. Source: Al-Hussayen (1989).
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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrip
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Urbanization, Urban Policy and City
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In presenting this dissertation in
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state in contemporary urban develop
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IV. Two Decades of Turmoil (1953-19
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CHAPTER VIII State-led Urbanization
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LIST OF FIGURES Number Page 1.1 Map
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CHAPTER I URBANIZATION, URBAN POLIC
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3 the same time, industrialization'
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5 macro-social change. He states th
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7 In addition to this form of livin
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9 In most cases, even physical plan
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11 V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STRU
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13 overview of the economic and pol
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15 research findings: an evaluation
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17 15 Quoted by C. G. Pickvance, "C
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19 resulted in problematic urbaniza
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21 Prophet taught that the Biblical
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23 and/or transformed already exist
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25 differentiation between the town
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Those who fled Makkah with the Prop
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29 left unbuilt for the use of vari
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31 The origin of the schools of tho
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33 3. THE CIRCULATION SPACE. The de
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35 duties including the supervision
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37 contrasted qualities, between th
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39 found intimate, lasting bonds of
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41 checkered early history of eclec
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43 IV. CRITIQUE OF THE MODEL Accord
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45 however contributed decisively t
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47 So, Islam's perception of dunia
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49 guild, all regulated in the ligh
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51 Prophet. By doing so , a person
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53 Kenneth Brown (1986b), 77. M. Bo
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CHAPTER HI FORCES OF CHANGE IN SAUD
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attentions from the local level to
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59 written document spelling out it
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61 was espoused to create outlets f
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63 states, Abdul-Aziz mustered his
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65 his extended family's living dep
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67 The decline was also partly caus
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69 toward a polyarchy of tribes lur
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71 Table 3.1 Oil Production and Rev
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73 With the shift from traditional,
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75 which gave the United States acc
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77 primary and secondary schools, i
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79 the urgent need to shift gears t
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81 This intermittent process of sed
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83 petitioning of the central gover
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85 leaps toward modernity. And inst
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87 of surplus population in urban c
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89 the premise that Ml benefits of
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91 imports of raw materials and mac
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93 oil exports and infrastructural
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95 determined by social status. The
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97 self-employed peasant earned a m
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99 small-arms and ammunitions facto
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101 TABLE 3.5 Top Cities with Popul
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103 SUMMARY In what seemed at the b
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105 financial support, complaints,
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107 Abdul-Rahman H. Al-Said, "The T
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109 64 N.C. Grill, "Urbanization In
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Ill My discussion starts with a his
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113 the modern state, advocating th
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115 more importance on "means" and
Page 133 and 134: 117 states "A more important proble
Page 135 and 136: 119 planning toward expertise and t
Page 137 and 138: 121 With oil income available to th
Page 139 and 140: 123 in. SAUDI GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
Page 141 and 142: 125 sites. The King, who was advise
Page 143 and 144: 127 municipalities, 43 village clus
Page 145 and 146: 129 bustling plexus/center of immen
Page 147 and 148: 131 services, for the new annexes o
Page 149 and 150: 133 compensations plus a thirty per
Page 151 and 152: 135 settlements, nomads and expatri
Page 153 and 154: 137 the royal family, old-fashioned
Page 155 and 156: 139 The five-year plan comprises (1
Page 157 and 158: 141 to sort urban activities into d
Page 159 and 160: 143 Yanbu occupies public land of 8
Page 161 and 162: 145 land uses backed with detailed
Page 163 and 164: 147 imported models, chiefly Wester
Page 165 and 166: 149 15 Self (1985), 877. 16 Ibid. L
Page 167 and 168: 151 big multi-story apartment build
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER V MAJOR TRADITIONAL URBAN A
Page 171 and 172: 155 A. Semi-Local Autonomy and Gove
Page 173 and 174: 157 development, no master plans, a
Page 175 and 176: 159 charities, waqf. For instance,
Page 177 and 178: 161 faced with increasing world dem
Page 179 and 180: 163 Notes to Chapter V 1 Six major
Page 181 and 182: 165 The relationship between neighb
Page 183: CHAPTER VI RIYADH: FROM WALLED TOWN
Page 187 and 188: 171 and saucepans, wooden chests of
Page 189 and 190: 173 town inhabited mostly by the un
Page 191 and 192: 175 Muslim center, when compared to
Page 193 and 194: 177 In the oases and towns, propert
Page 195 and 196: 179 tribal chiefs and influential t
Page 197 and 198: 181 improved economy and its increa
Page 199 and 200: 183 into a nuclei of the Matar subu
Page 201 and 202: 185 as practiced by Amanat Ar-Riyad
Page 203 and 204: 187 [AOH \*-\K il 1975 Figure 6.5 R
Page 205 and 206: 189 land, reflected the Saudi econo
Page 207 and 208: 191 notion, that is, the realizatio
Page 209 and 210: 193 It I j i 1 i 1 i Bv gy- - 1 ili
Page 211 and 212: 195 household itself. Wealthy peopl
Page 213 and 214: 197 communities. Aramco introduced
Page 215 and 216: 199 heritage in an era of technolog
Page 217 and 218: Figure 6.10 Riyadh: King Saud's roy
Page 219 and 220: 203 LOCALITY PLAN V Figure 6.12 Al-
Page 221 and 222: 205 leading to the airport. In cont
Page 223 and 224: 207 on the urban scene. His reforms
Page 225 and 226: Table 6.1 Number of Permits (Constr
Page 227 and 228: Municipally population (1940s) Tabl
Page 229 and 230: 213 expanding cities. Master city p
Page 231 and 232: 215 Commerce. Busincu tad Ciric |QQ
Page 233 and 234: 217 attention to economic determina
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219 zr/M Khjzian J T.\. Street Figu
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221 urban growth consumed most of t
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223 government spending fueled city
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225 paying consideration to the cen
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227 bring more customers to the dow
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229 While the foci of capitalist wo
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231 mollifying and complementing th
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233 The modern urban form possesses
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235 developed land use. Another 13
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237 in 1950, and the transfer of th
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239 Table 6.5 Riyadh's Land Uses an
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241 expertise impeded the implement
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243 16 Adeeb Faris. Ar Riyadh: Wath
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245 36 H. St J. B. Philby, "Riyadh:
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247 59 K. Brown. Middle Eastern Cit
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249 (valleys), Arar and Badanah, wh
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251 The unprecedented venture of bu
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253 Between 1973 and 1986 Arar witn
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255 even shrank considerably follow
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257 JL IgUi v / • Arar's layout d
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259 Doxiadis Plan, (5) militarizati
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261 Aththouqbah, the Tapline compan
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263 processing and assembly, etc.)
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265 rising oil revenues. 25 During
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267 In 1976, the government authori
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269 rv^ Figure 7.5 King Abdul-Aziz
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271 I— _r
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273 ; 'i'% Residential Area rV s3\^
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275 j "Hf \\\X j»Lfc AR'AR FINAl M
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277 them to seek better and larger
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279 mosques and the like. The numbe
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281 construction permits issued by
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283 Figure 7.11 The Urban Domain fo
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285 built environment, all consiste
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287 Notes to Chapter VII 1 Helmut M
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289 free of charge. If such person
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291 47 A1 Hathloul and Amroush (198
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293 (inevitably calling for the imp
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295 Ashsha'eeb's topography helped
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297 impact of these series of battl
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299 The historical development of H
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301 Mohammad (1803-14) the grandson
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303 rectangular forms. In 1965-66 t
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305 The built form of present Hurai
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307 dilapidated, mud houses had bec
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309 fr-xttxw^XvSNsvXvWx^ww&i-xyrX ,
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311 responsible for issuing buildin
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313 urban growth and management mus
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315 Figure 8.11 Starting during the
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317 to virtually all those who appl
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319 lid t)3acs • 1 11 iffrhj =3 a
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321 Huraimla. 22 Between 1970 and 1
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323 In Huraimla, to encourage and e
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325 compared to the traditional bui
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327 Notes to Chapter VIII 1 H. St.
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329 21 For example, the estate al A
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331 polarization of power under the
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333 development. This requires the
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335 residential suburbs, megalomani
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337 branches of the central governm
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339 Whilst steps toward integrated
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341 such a dynamism to suburban gro
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343 HI. ENVISIONING THE PLURALISTIC
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345 government, a greater flexibili
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347 Notes to Chapter IX 1 The abili
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdulaal, Walead. "Imp
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351 A1 Rashid, Ibrahim. Documents o
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353 Bligh, Alexander. "The Saudi Re
Page 371 and 372:
355 Doxiadis Associates. Northern R
Page 373 and 374:
357 "Governmental Services and Inte
Page 375 and 376:
359 Huntington, Samuel P. Political
Page 377 and 378:
361 Ministry of Communications. Hig
Page 379 and 380:
363 Morris, A.E.J. History of Urban
Page 381 and 382:
365 Salamah, Gasssan. "Saudi Arabia
Page 383 and 384:
367 Wilber, C. and K. Jameson. "Par
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