Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

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University of Washington Abstract Urbanization, Urban Policy And City Form: Urban Development in Saudi Arabia by <strong>Faisal</strong> Abdul-Aziz M. Mubarak Chairperson of the Supervisory Committee: Professor John Hancock Department of Urban Design and Planning This study is an attempt to explain contemporary urban forms and development in Saudi Arabia by focusing on the country's sociopolitical and economic developments since the promulgation of the new nation-state in 1932. Due to the combined effects of centralized decision-making and active governmental financial underwriting of modernization, the holistic traditional settlement, which evolved by accretion around a solid core of intrinsic values, collapsed. The application of Western models of urban development which are not tailored to the social and political environment of a non-Western cultural systems have failed to provide effective solutions to local problems of urban design and planning. An underlying question was set forth: what cultural developments have driven urban development in Saudi Arabian society and the transformation of its traditional built forms An answer to this question involves probing into sociopolitical and economic factors that accompanied the relatively sudden substitution of modern urban forms for the pre-industrial forms of the traditional society. One major force that parallels the departure from the traditional built forms has been the adoption of the nation-state and the subsequent role it has assumed in modernizing Saudi society. Using national government documents, interviews with government officials and planners, master plans, municipal regulations, journalistic accounts, and recent research and studies, I examine the relationship between the government's intervention in urban development and the resulting urban forms for the last six decades. -Three case studies were chosen: Riyadh, Arar and Huraimla. I focused on the scope and character of government intervention in the process of modern urban development in the Kingdom, in each of these cases. The findings demonstrate the overriding role of the
state in contemporary urban development. Centralized decision-making processes, including urban planning, have supplanted control by local communities. At the same time, the modernization of the built environment has been achieved at the cost of forgoing many cultural needs and environmental considerations. To reestablish cultural personality and rejuvenate economic efficiency in the contemporary built environment, I argue for environmentally compatible, efficiency based, and community justified urban development.
Page 1: INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrip
Page 5 and 6: Urbanization, Urban Policy and City
Page 7: In presenting this dissertation in
Page 11 and 12: IV. Two Decades of Turmoil (1953-19
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER VIII State-led Urbanization
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES Number Page 1.1 Map
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER I URBANIZATION, URBAN POLIC
Page 19 and 20: 3 the same time, industrialization'
Page 21 and 22: 5 macro-social change. He states th
Page 23 and 24: 7 In addition to this form of livin
Page 25 and 26: 9 In most cases, even physical plan
Page 27 and 28: 11 V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STRU
Page 29 and 30: 13 overview of the economic and pol
Page 31 and 32: 15 research findings: an evaluation
Page 33 and 34: 17 15 Quoted by C. G. Pickvance, "C
Page 35 and 36: 19 resulted in problematic urbaniza
Page 37 and 38: 21 Prophet taught that the Biblical
Page 39 and 40: 23 and/or transformed already exist
Page 41 and 42: 25 differentiation between the town
Page 43 and 44: Those who fled Makkah with the Prop
Page 45 and 46: 29 left unbuilt for the use of vari
Page 47 and 48: 31 The origin of the schools of tho
Page 49 and 50: 33 3. THE CIRCULATION SPACE. The de
Page 51 and 52: 35 duties including the supervision
Page 53 and 54: 37 contrasted qualities, between th
Page 55 and 56: 39 found intimate, lasting bonds of
Page 57 and 58: 41 checkered early history of eclec
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43 IV. CRITIQUE OF THE MODEL Accord
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45 however contributed decisively t
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47 So, Islam's perception of dunia
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49 guild, all regulated in the ligh
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51 Prophet. By doing so , a person
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53 Kenneth Brown (1986b), 77. M. Bo
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CHAPTER HI FORCES OF CHANGE IN SAUD
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attentions from the local level to
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59 written document spelling out it
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61 was espoused to create outlets f
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63 states, Abdul-Aziz mustered his
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65 his extended family's living dep
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67 The decline was also partly caus
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69 toward a polyarchy of tribes lur
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71 Table 3.1 Oil Production and Rev
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73 With the shift from traditional,
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75 which gave the United States acc
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77 primary and secondary schools, i
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79 the urgent need to shift gears t
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81 This intermittent process of sed
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83 petitioning of the central gover
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85 leaps toward modernity. And inst
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87 of surplus population in urban c
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89 the premise that Ml benefits of
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91 imports of raw materials and mac
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93 oil exports and infrastructural
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95 determined by social status. The
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97 self-employed peasant earned a m
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99 small-arms and ammunitions facto
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101 TABLE 3.5 Top Cities with Popul
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103 SUMMARY In what seemed at the b
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105 financial support, complaints,
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107 Abdul-Rahman H. Al-Said, "The T
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109 64 N.C. Grill, "Urbanization In
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Ill My discussion starts with a his
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113 the modern state, advocating th
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115 more importance on "means" and
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117 states "A more important proble
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119 planning toward expertise and t
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121 With oil income available to th
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123 in. SAUDI GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
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125 sites. The King, who was advise
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127 municipalities, 43 village clus
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129 bustling plexus/center of immen
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131 services, for the new annexes o
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133 compensations plus a thirty per
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135 settlements, nomads and expatri
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137 the royal family, old-fashioned
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139 The five-year plan comprises (1
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141 to sort urban activities into d
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143 Yanbu occupies public land of 8
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145 land uses backed with detailed
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147 imported models, chiefly Wester
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149 15 Self (1985), 877. 16 Ibid. L
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151 big multi-story apartment build
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CHAPTER V MAJOR TRADITIONAL URBAN A
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155 A. Semi-Local Autonomy and Gove
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157 development, no master plans, a
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159 charities, waqf. For instance,
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161 faced with increasing world dem
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163 Notes to Chapter V 1 Six major
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165 The relationship between neighb
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CHAPTER VI RIYADH: FROM WALLED TOWN
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169 iMusmak Built Area '-'r.identir
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171 and saucepans, wooden chests of
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173 town inhabited mostly by the un
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175 Muslim center, when compared to
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177 In the oases and towns, propert
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179 tribal chiefs and influential t
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181 improved economy and its increa
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183 into a nuclei of the Matar subu
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185 as practiced by Amanat Ar-Riyad
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187 [AOH \*-\K il 1975 Figure 6.5 R
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189 land, reflected the Saudi econo
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191 notion, that is, the realizatio
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193 It I j i 1 i 1 i Bv gy- - 1 ili
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195 household itself. Wealthy peopl
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197 communities. Aramco introduced
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199 heritage in an era of technolog
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Figure 6.10 Riyadh: King Saud's roy
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203 LOCALITY PLAN V Figure 6.12 Al-
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205 leading to the airport. In cont
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207 on the urban scene. His reforms
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Table 6.1 Number of Permits (Constr
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Municipally population (1940s) Tabl
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213 expanding cities. Master city p
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215 Commerce. Busincu tad Ciric |QQ
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217 attention to economic determina
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219 zr/M Khjzian J T.\. Street Figu
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221 urban growth consumed most of t
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223 government spending fueled city
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225 paying consideration to the cen
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227 bring more customers to the dow
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229 While the foci of capitalist wo
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231 mollifying and complementing th
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233 The modern urban form possesses
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235 developed land use. Another 13
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237 in 1950, and the transfer of th
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239 Table 6.5 Riyadh's Land Uses an
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241 expertise impeded the implement
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243 16 Adeeb Faris. Ar Riyadh: Wath
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245 36 H. St J. B. Philby, "Riyadh:
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247 59 K. Brown. Middle Eastern Cit
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249 (valleys), Arar and Badanah, wh
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251 The unprecedented venture of bu
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253 Between 1973 and 1986 Arar witn
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255 even shrank considerably follow
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257 JL IgUi v / • Arar's layout d
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259 Doxiadis Plan, (5) militarizati
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261 Aththouqbah, the Tapline compan
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263 processing and assembly, etc.)
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265 rising oil revenues. 25 During
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267 In 1976, the government authori
Page 285 and 286:
269 rv^ Figure 7.5 King Abdul-Aziz
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271 I— _r
Page 289 and 290:
273 ; 'i'% Residential Area rV s3\^
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275 j "Hf \\\X j»Lfc AR'AR FINAl M
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277 them to seek better and larger
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279 mosques and the like. The numbe
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281 construction permits issued by
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283 Figure 7.11 The Urban Domain fo
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285 built environment, all consiste
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287 Notes to Chapter VII 1 Helmut M
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289 free of charge. If such person
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291 47 A1 Hathloul and Amroush (198
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293 (inevitably calling for the imp
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295 Ashsha'eeb's topography helped
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297 impact of these series of battl
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299 The historical development of H
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301 Mohammad (1803-14) the grandson
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303 rectangular forms. In 1965-66 t
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305 The built form of present Hurai
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307 dilapidated, mud houses had bec
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309 fr-xttxw^XvSNsvXvWx^ww&i-xyrX ,
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311 responsible for issuing buildin
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313 urban growth and management mus
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315 Figure 8.11 Starting during the
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317 to virtually all those who appl
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319 lid t)3acs • 1 11 iffrhj =3 a
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321 Huraimla. 22 Between 1970 and 1
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323 In Huraimla, to encourage and e
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325 compared to the traditional bui
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327 Notes to Chapter VIII 1 H. St.
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329 21 For example, the estate al A
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331 polarization of power under the
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333 development. This requires the
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335 residential suburbs, megalomani
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337 branches of the central governm
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339 Whilst steps toward integrated
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341 such a dynamism to suburban gro
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343 HI. ENVISIONING THE PLURALISTIC
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345 government, a greater flexibili
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347 Notes to Chapter IX 1 The abili
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdulaal, Walead. "Imp
Page 367 and 368:
351 A1 Rashid, Ibrahim. Documents o
Page 369 and 370:
353 Bligh, Alexander. "The Saudi Re
Page 371 and 372:
355 Doxiadis Associates. Northern R
Page 373 and 374:
357 "Governmental Services and Inte
Page 375 and 376:
359 Huntington, Samuel P. Political
Page 377 and 378:
361 Ministry of Communications. Hig
Page 379 and 380:
363 Morris, A.E.J. History of Urban
Page 381 and 382:
365 Salamah, Gasssan. "Saudi Arabia
Page 383 and 384:
367 Wilber, C. and K. Jameson. "Par
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