Dissertation_Dr Faisal Almubarak

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210 employed 37,000 and 26,000 respectively, indicating the preponderance of the tertiary sector over the industrial. In 1987, the number of government employees increased to 183,000. This figure comprises 39 percent of the city's employed labor force, totaling 474,000. Seventy-eight percent of the Saudi working force was employed by the government. 41 Table 6.2 illustrates Riyadh's beneficial status of being the seat of government. The table lists the funds allocated for the provision of municipal services in some Saudi cities. In 1975, Riyadh boasted a population approximating 700,000 and its Municipality (Amanat Madinat Arriyadh) received SR 2.6 billion while Jeddah, populated by 600,000 was allotted only SR 1.3 billion. In terms of Riyadh's non-governmental economic growth, that is the private sector, it ranks first in terms of the number of industrial establishments among the nation's cities. In 1963, the city had 6,894 non-government private establishments enlisting 15,400 employees. By 1976, Riyadh had 30,611 private establishments. In the same period, the City's labor force engaging in urban activities tripled from 94,991 to 272,376. 42 Table 6.3 exhibits the growth in number of establishments and employees in selective Saudi cities. The tremendous growth in the private sector corroborates the intensity of urban growth in the Kingdom's major cities in general and Riyadh in particular. In 1981, Riyadh possessed 74 percent of the Central Region's private establishments alone and housed 89 percent of the Central Region's labor force employed by the private sector. The Capital contained 21 percent of the Kingdom's total private establishments (surpassing Jeddah by 1,960 establishments) and 27 percent of the private sector's labor force. This attests to the massive benefits bestowed upon the city for being the seat of the government. Yet, the consumptive nature of Riyadh is evident in the fact that only 16 percent of the City's consumer goods are made and assembled by its specious industries (which employ 8% of the City's manpower); 76 percent are imported from outside the country and 8 percent are imported from the country's regions. Moreover, 70 percent of Riyadh's production is consumed locally. In short, the markedly active urban economy heavily depends on the government. Both the private construction sector, which employs 30 percent of the City's private man power, and the private service sector 24 percent, rely on state spending (Table 6.3).
Municipally population (1940s) Table 6.2 Funds Allocated for the Provision of Municipal Services in million SR Selected Major Cities (1975-1988) And Population Estimates population (1974) 1966 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1988 Riyadh 30,000 666,840 36.8 2,630 1,401 1,700 1,145 2,404 3,455 3,375 1,929 1,907 688 Jeddah 30,000 561,104 36.2 1,296 936 688 660 765 1,954 1,901 1,901 1,286 90 Makkah 80,000 366,801 43.1 1,866 1,504 1,001 606 1,346 1,274 1,262 859 1,607 71 Madinah 20,000 198,186 28.3 555 621 334 321 615 989 777 648 698 396 Dammam - 127,844 10.1 221 177 117 113 93 1,899 1,563 629 434 174 Taif 5,000 204,857 8.7 213 155 118 207 178 338 428 267 162 50 Buraydah 20,000 69,940 na 191 108 119 146 322 1,259 479 391 209 63 Jizan n.a. 32,812 na 87 81 59 42 118 119 102 47 80 23 Abha n.a. 30,150 na 174 117 167 44 33 47 155 141 142 14 Hail 10,000 40,502 na 168 87 78 54 44 242 261 274 313 37 Tabuk 1.0,000 74,825 na 325 198 137 111 133 354 330 163 461 41 Total* - 2,373,861 - 7,726 5,324 4,518 3,449 6,051 11,927 10,633 7,249 7,299 1,647 Riyadh/Total (%) 28 - 34 26 38 33 40 29 32 27 26 42 Source: Minstry ofFinancy, Statistical Indicator, 1400H/1980, p. 32; K.M. Al-Ankary & S El-Bushra (eds.), 1989, p. 12. * Total' only represents figures in the table; Ministry of Interior, Municipal Affairs, Statistical Administration, Municipal Atatislics, 137211972-140611986 (Riyadh: Ministry of Interior), MOMRA, Municipal Statistics, 140911989 (Riyadh: MOMRA Publising Press).
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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrip
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Urbanization, Urban Policy and City
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In presenting this dissertation in
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state in contemporary urban develop
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IV. Two Decades of Turmoil (1953-19
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CHAPTER VIII State-led Urbanization
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LIST OF FIGURES Number Page 1.1 Map
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CHAPTER I URBANIZATION, URBAN POLIC
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3 the same time, industrialization'
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5 macro-social change. He states th
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7 In addition to this form of livin
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9 In most cases, even physical plan
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11 V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STRU
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13 overview of the economic and pol
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15 research findings: an evaluation
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17 15 Quoted by C. G. Pickvance, "C
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19 resulted in problematic urbaniza
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21 Prophet taught that the Biblical
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23 and/or transformed already exist
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25 differentiation between the town
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Those who fled Makkah with the Prop
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29 left unbuilt for the use of vari
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31 The origin of the schools of tho
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33 3. THE CIRCULATION SPACE. The de
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35 duties including the supervision
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37 contrasted qualities, between th
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39 found intimate, lasting bonds of
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41 checkered early history of eclec
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43 IV. CRITIQUE OF THE MODEL Accord
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45 however contributed decisively t
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47 So, Islam's perception of dunia
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49 guild, all regulated in the ligh
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51 Prophet. By doing so , a person
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53 Kenneth Brown (1986b), 77. M. Bo
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CHAPTER HI FORCES OF CHANGE IN SAUD
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attentions from the local level to
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59 written document spelling out it
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61 was espoused to create outlets f
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63 states, Abdul-Aziz mustered his
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65 his extended family's living dep
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67 The decline was also partly caus
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69 toward a polyarchy of tribes lur
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71 Table 3.1 Oil Production and Rev
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73 With the shift from traditional,
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75 which gave the United States acc
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77 primary and secondary schools, i
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79 the urgent need to shift gears t
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81 This intermittent process of sed
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83 petitioning of the central gover
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85 leaps toward modernity. And inst
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87 of surplus population in urban c
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89 the premise that Ml benefits of
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91 imports of raw materials and mac
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93 oil exports and infrastructural
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95 determined by social status. The
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97 self-employed peasant earned a m
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99 small-arms and ammunitions facto
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101 TABLE 3.5 Top Cities with Popul
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103 SUMMARY In what seemed at the b
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105 financial support, complaints,
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107 Abdul-Rahman H. Al-Said, "The T
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109 64 N.C. Grill, "Urbanization In
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Ill My discussion starts with a his
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113 the modern state, advocating th
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115 more importance on "means" and
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117 states "A more important proble
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119 planning toward expertise and t
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121 With oil income available to th
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123 in. SAUDI GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
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125 sites. The King, who was advise
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127 municipalities, 43 village clus
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129 bustling plexus/center of immen
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131 services, for the new annexes o
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133 compensations plus a thirty per
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135 settlements, nomads and expatri
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137 the royal family, old-fashioned
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139 The five-year plan comprises (1
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141 to sort urban activities into d
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143 Yanbu occupies public land of 8
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145 land uses backed with detailed
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147 imported models, chiefly Wester
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149 15 Self (1985), 877. 16 Ibid. L
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151 big multi-story apartment build
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CHAPTER V MAJOR TRADITIONAL URBAN A
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155 A. Semi-Local Autonomy and Gove
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157 development, no master plans, a
Page 175 and 176: 159 charities, waqf. For instance,
Page 177 and 178: 161 faced with increasing world dem
Page 179 and 180: 163 Notes to Chapter V 1 Six major
Page 181 and 182: 165 The relationship between neighb
Page 183 and 184: CHAPTER VI RIYADH: FROM WALLED TOWN
Page 185 and 186: 169 iMusmak Built Area '-'r.identir
Page 187 and 188: 171 and saucepans, wooden chests of
Page 189 and 190: 173 town inhabited mostly by the un
Page 191 and 192: 175 Muslim center, when compared to
Page 193 and 194: 177 In the oases and towns, propert
Page 195 and 196: 179 tribal chiefs and influential t
Page 197 and 198: 181 improved economy and its increa
Page 199 and 200: 183 into a nuclei of the Matar subu
Page 201 and 202: 185 as practiced by Amanat Ar-Riyad
Page 203 and 204: 187 [AOH \*-\K il 1975 Figure 6.5 R
Page 205 and 206: 189 land, reflected the Saudi econo
Page 207 and 208: 191 notion, that is, the realizatio
Page 209 and 210: 193 It I j i 1 i 1 i Bv gy- - 1 ili
Page 211 and 212: 195 household itself. Wealthy peopl
Page 213 and 214: 197 communities. Aramco introduced
Page 215 and 216: 199 heritage in an era of technolog
Page 217 and 218: Figure 6.10 Riyadh: King Saud's roy
Page 219 and 220: 203 LOCALITY PLAN V Figure 6.12 Al-
Page 221 and 222: 205 leading to the airport. In cont
Page 223 and 224: 207 on the urban scene. His reforms
Page 225: Table 6.1 Number of Permits (Constr
Page 229 and 230: 213 expanding cities. Master city p
Page 231 and 232: 215 Commerce. Busincu tad Ciric |QQ
Page 233 and 234: 217 attention to economic determina
Page 235 and 236: 219 zr/M Khjzian J T.\. Street Figu
Page 237 and 238: 221 urban growth consumed most of t
Page 239 and 240: 223 government spending fueled city
Page 241 and 242: 225 paying consideration to the cen
Page 243 and 244: 227 bring more customers to the dow
Page 245 and 246: 229 While the foci of capitalist wo
Page 247 and 248: 231 mollifying and complementing th
Page 249 and 250: 233 The modern urban form possesses
Page 251 and 252: 235 developed land use. Another 13
Page 253 and 254: 237 in 1950, and the transfer of th
Page 255 and 256: 239 Table 6.5 Riyadh's Land Uses an
Page 257 and 258: 241 expertise impeded the implement
Page 259 and 260: 243 16 Adeeb Faris. Ar Riyadh: Wath
Page 261 and 262: 245 36 H. St J. B. Philby, "Riyadh:
Page 263 and 264: 247 59 K. Brown. Middle Eastern Cit
Page 265 and 266: 249 (valleys), Arar and Badanah, wh
Page 267 and 268: 251 The unprecedented venture of bu
Page 269 and 270: 253 Between 1973 and 1986 Arar witn
Page 271 and 272: 255 even shrank considerably follow
Page 273 and 274: 257 JL IgUi v / • Arar's layout d
Page 275 and 276: 259 Doxiadis Plan, (5) militarizati
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261 Aththouqbah, the Tapline compan
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263 processing and assembly, etc.)
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265 rising oil revenues. 25 During
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267 In 1976, the government authori
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269 rv^ Figure 7.5 King Abdul-Aziz
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271 I— _r
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273 ; 'i'% Residential Area rV s3\^
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275 j "Hf \\\X j»Lfc AR'AR FINAl M
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277 them to seek better and larger
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279 mosques and the like. The numbe
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281 construction permits issued by
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283 Figure 7.11 The Urban Domain fo
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285 built environment, all consiste
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287 Notes to Chapter VII 1 Helmut M
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289 free of charge. If such person
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291 47 A1 Hathloul and Amroush (198
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293 (inevitably calling for the imp
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295 Ashsha'eeb's topography helped
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297 impact of these series of battl
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299 The historical development of H
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301 Mohammad (1803-14) the grandson
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303 rectangular forms. In 1965-66 t
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305 The built form of present Hurai
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307 dilapidated, mud houses had bec
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309 fr-xttxw^XvSNsvXvWx^ww&i-xyrX ,
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311 responsible for issuing buildin
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313 urban growth and management mus
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315 Figure 8.11 Starting during the
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317 to virtually all those who appl
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319 lid t)3acs • 1 11 iffrhj =3 a
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321 Huraimla. 22 Between 1970 and 1
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323 In Huraimla, to encourage and e
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325 compared to the traditional bui
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327 Notes to Chapter VIII 1 H. St.
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329 21 For example, the estate al A
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331 polarization of power under the
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333 development. This requires the
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335 residential suburbs, megalomani
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337 branches of the central governm
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339 Whilst steps toward integrated
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341 such a dynamism to suburban gro
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343 HI. ENVISIONING THE PLURALISTIC
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345 government, a greater flexibili
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347 Notes to Chapter IX 1 The abili
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abdulaal, Walead. "Imp
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351 A1 Rashid, Ibrahim. Documents o
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353 Bligh, Alexander. "The Saudi Re
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355 Doxiadis Associates. Northern R
Page 373 and 374:
357 "Governmental Services and Inte
Page 375 and 376:
359 Huntington, Samuel P. Political
Page 377 and 378:
361 Ministry of Communications. Hig
Page 379 and 380:
363 Morris, A.E.J. History of Urban
Page 381 and 382:
365 Salamah, Gasssan. "Saudi Arabia
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367 Wilber, C. and K. Jameson. "Par
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