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Declaration I, the undersigned, declare that the contents in this thesis constitute my own original work, which has not previously been presented to another institution, either in part or as a whole for the purposes ofobtaining a degree. SIGNATURE 2
Abstract EXPRESSING EMOTION How emotion is encoded in language And the role ofemotion during conflict transformation Bv Yusumuzi Patrick Wela In this dissertation I present the results ofan analysis of a study about how language encodes emotion and how emotion is used during negotiation. I review canonical literature on emotions, and come to the conclusion that there are no empirical grounds to identifY a set number of emotions. It is more appropriate to distinguish particular mind-body states during which people experience subjective awarenesses that they term "emotions." I then go on to show that emotive awareness is so fundamental to humans that all language structures are involved in the encoding of emotive awarenesses that are expressed, in particular speech acts. Finally I look at the role of emotion during conflict transformation. 3
Page 3: EXPRESSING EMOTION How emotion is e
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgement The NRF for the fun
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 4 49 The grammatical encodi
Page 11 and 12: Underlying Factors 135 Scope ofthe
Page 13 and 14: Distributive And Integrative Negoti
Page 15 and 16: Imposing Deadlines 288 Using The De
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION OF My THESIS
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2 ST.HEJ'.lENT OF PROBLEMS
Page 21 and 22: language; };> An outline will be gi
Page 23 and 24: Emotions are considered to be react
Page 25 and 26: exposing people to onions, which ma
Page 27 and 28: It still has to be resolved whether
Page 29 and 30: of activity, the overwhelming evide
Page 31 and 32: Sternberg (1998: 542), Robert Plutc
Page 33 and 34: pinpointed. Most people feel anxiet
Page 35 and 36: According to Bulmer (1975) hate is
Page 37 and 38: Brand and Graves (1994:165) describ
Page 39 and 40: Primary appraisal, which is about w
Page 41 and 42: Values and Value Systems Values are
Page 43 and 44: Sternberg (1998:551) makes the poin
Page 45 and 46: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTlVIST ApPROACH
Page 47 and 48: RATIONALISATION According to Bulmer
Page 49 and 50: Bulmer (1975:vi) defines empathy as
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 4 THE GRAM.\L\TIC\l. ENCODI
Page 53 and 54: SOCIAL EVENT DEMOTION ACTION RESPON
Page 55 and 56:
from an anthropological point of vi
Page 57 and 58:
symbolic reference is not understoo
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The role ofnouns in the expression
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In the choice ofa vocative Combrink
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Class 3 singular: izimu (an ogre) >
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Titles as vocatives Title vocatives
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"Jy. staan regop en trek in ;ou boe
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THE ROLE OF VERBS IN THE EXPRESSION
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Stre/ende woorde (Soothing words) W
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Eksaljou help. (I shall help you) D
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lsiZulu is said to have nine tone p
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CONCLUSION This chapter I demonstra
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organism to the world through such
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with the latter "the state and what
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(ii) The directive class of speech
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With Intentional states a belief is
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circumstances by those in certain i
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Directives: advising, admonishing,
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negotiation situations. Deterring,
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HI insist that you go to London. "
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deductions. Implications and inclus
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Secondly, there is a modal meaning
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When you permit a person bythe use
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These modals, like must, denote obl
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DISTAl FORMS OF THE ROOT MODAlS Cou
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He will buy a car next year. When s
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(He can play rugby well) Hulle kon
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(You only have to translate the fir
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Werklikheid/ feitelikheid (Realityl
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According to Van Schoor (1982:271)
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MOET (must) is the central auxiliar
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(Will you help me?) Sal jy my nie h
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Chapter 6 EMOTION DURING CONFLICT T
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important to understand human needs
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Self-actualisation needs are the la
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pacts. Mersham and Skinner further
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station or going to a particular ch
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in each other's welfare negotiate,
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The scoping of a conflict is import
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may wish for or fight for the total
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}> How these groups mobilise i.e. i
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perceived goals and interests, cult
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Related to recognizing related disp
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egularly to see which ofthe factors
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eventually engaging in the armed st
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Stereotype-Breaking Action Using di
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that of Cyril Ramaphosa ofthe ANC a
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Mediation is usually successful in
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A mediator can also help the groups
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oth internally and externally. Thes
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this kind of narrative about the So
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ASSESSING YOUR OPPONENT'S POSITION
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SEARCHING FOR HIDDEN MOTIVES It has
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MOTIVATION Motivation and emotion o
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stress levels are still Iow. Andrea
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een violated like when one feels an
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Conflict Mapping Wehr states how th
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another instead of selfishly sticki
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Conflict Intrapersonal Interpersona
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government (KIug 2000:1) This happe
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Conflict transformation also means,
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empowennent or recognition ofoppone
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CONSTRUCTIVE CONFRONTATION Construc
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force in resolving the conflict. Ta
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etain the majority it gained in a p
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CRISIS MANAGEMENT DURING CONFLICT T
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It is advisable to be prepared for
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augment your team and to avoid this
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the factors that modifY the general
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Tuesday, September 30, 1997) Howeve
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e scrutinised as well as the role o
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pre-negotiation is handIed well it
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Third parties or intennediaries als
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epresentatives of the government an
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~ If the surroundings at the neutra
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will take longer. Therefore Fuller
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The agenda for the CODESA negotiati
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elections. After the elections the
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The disadvantage is that some offer
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struggle into dialogue leaving nega
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constituent assembly and an interim
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At level 2 integrative agreement is
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Insecure. Emotional Stability This
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THE EFFECT OF MEMBER PERSONALITY FA
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Barry and Friedman (1998:348) defin
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oute" and the "heuristic or periphe
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persistence of persuasion e.g. "inc
Page 229 and 230:
fact that the people were being kil
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you want them to do and feel comfor
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Samaritan" (Fuller 1991:91) will ne
Page 235 and 236:
that splitting the difference shoul
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The occurrence of violence before a
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person with real power, she is also
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to reason, then you will rather neg
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to be for that purpose. He had also
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You should also ask yourselfifthe o
Page 247 and 248:
unacceptable offer, do not be blunt
Page 249 and 250:
and evaluation of the offer. Changi
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These people, therefore, need to be
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constituency by not agreeing to the
Page 255 and 256:
your adversary may persuade you to
Page 257 and 258:
If the criteria for detennining the
Page 259 and 260:
services and other areas of public
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after the deal is reached, are over
Page 263 and 264:
display one's frustration and emoti
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suits you. It must be noted that du
Page 267 and 268:
TAKING ADVANTAGE OF DIVISIONS IN TH
Page 269 and 270:
(1992:196) recommends that one shou
Page 271 and 272:
prisoners and other individuals. Th
Page 273 and 274:
Bullying Tactics It was discussed e
Page 275 and 276:
Fuller (1992:206) mentions other ty
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- Do the parties all know their alt
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IGNORING THEM AND CONTINUING WITH D
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up in jail for human rights violati
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concessions have been made. However
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extremists were arrested. That made
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in negotiations, it helps to shift
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what they are saying during discuss
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Involving Higher Level Participatio
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international law during the compro
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what his problem is. If you succeed
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confederation ofhomelands each with
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apology and forgiveness and it cons
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Desmond Tutu as chairperson ofthe C
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long way towards promoting the clim
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experiencing friendship, intimacy,
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ecause of the frequent exchange mak
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in the case of a buyer who is only
Page 311 and 312:
limit". At a more complex level the
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Barry and Oliver (1996) mention fiv
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AFFECT RELATED To SETTLEMENTS AND O
Page 317 and 318:
Both affect sequences are a result
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our behaviour during negotiation; w
Page 321 and 322:
In the same page Thompson (1998) sa
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accept." Jackall quotes an example
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called "a manic-depressive," a term
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with pauses or whether he speaks co
Page 329 and 330:
Contagion According to an experimen
Page 331 and 332:
Freedom To Express Emotion This dep
Page 333 and 334:
Controlled And Deliberate Emotional
Page 335 and 336:
who is perceived to be disliked by
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especially in social contexts like
Page 339 and 340:
He also found that negotiators who
Page 341 and 342:
Ekman (1999) does not consider a br
Page 343 and 344:
There is also transactive memory wh
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However, they can also enhance or w
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Chapter 7 CONCLUSIONS This has been
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BmLIOGRAPHY AUTHORED REFERENCES All
Page 351 and 352:
Barry, Bruce (with G.L. Stewart), 1
Page 353 and 354:
Fauconnier. Gilles 1995 Mental Spac
Page 355 and 356:
Langacker, Ronald W. 1993. Foundati
Page 357 and 358:
Taylor, John R. 1991 Linguistic Cat
Page 359 and 360:
NON-AuTHORED REFERENCES Conflict Re
Page 361 and 362:
Conflict Research Consortium 1998 I
Page 363 and 364:
Conflict Research Consortium 1998 R
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