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The source and target analogues must have corresponding structure. Lastly, the value of an analogue can be seen in whether it has accomplished its cognitive aim, which may be problem solving, explanation or communication. When there is correspondence between the two person's situations, goals and emotions, empathy is possible. This means not only "inferring that someone has an emotion, but also using the attribution of the emotion to explain or predict another's behaviour."(Barnes and Thagard 1997:7.) Barnes and Thagard illustrate this by quoting a jury trial where the jury refused to convict a battered wife of killing her husband because they felt under similar circumstances they could have done the same. CONCLUSION In this chapter I discussed the types of emotions and their functions and how they are experienced. The functions ofthe brain, cognitive appraisal and empathy were also discussed. In the following chapter I will look at how language encodes emotion, emotion and culture, and the hierarchical nature ofreference. 4R
Chapter 4 THE GRAM.\L\TIC\l. ENCODING OF EMOTION IN L\NGU.\GE INTRODUCTION In the previous chapter I discussed the types ofemotions and their functions and how they are experienced, the functions of the brain, cognitive appraisal and empathy. The discussion in this chapter is based on the hypothesis that language is intimately involved at all levels in the encoding of emotions and that there are no specific syntagmatic language structures dedicated to the encoding of human concepts about emotion. This claim entails that all syntagmatic structures are used to encode emotive expressions. To illustrate this I will look at how different grammatical structures encode emotion and the strategies that are used in this process and how sensual perceptions are used as metaphors. HYPOTHESIS I will test the following hypothesis regarding the interrelationship of language structure and emotive expressions in this chapter: Language at all structural levels is involved in the encoding ofemotive expressions This implies that particular phrase structures such as the noun phrase (NP), prepositional phrase (PP), the adjectival phrase (Adj P), the quantifier phrase (QP), a particular main verb (MY), a particular auxiliary verb (AUX), and the adverbial phrase (Adv P) could be used to express emotions. 4Q
Page 3 and 4: EXPRESSING EMOTION How emotion is e
Page 5 and 6: Abstract EXPRESSING EMOTION How emo
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgement The NRF for the fun
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 4 49 The grammatical encodi
Page 11 and 12: Underlying Factors 135 Scope ofthe
Page 13 and 14: Distributive And Integrative Negoti
Page 15 and 16: Imposing Deadlines 288 Using The De
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION OF My THESIS
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2 ST.HEJ'.lENT OF PROBLEMS
Page 21 and 22: language; };> An outline will be gi
Page 23 and 24: Emotions are considered to be react
Page 25 and 26: exposing people to onions, which ma
Page 27 and 28: It still has to be resolved whether
Page 29 and 30: of activity, the overwhelming evide
Page 31 and 32: Sternberg (1998: 542), Robert Plutc
Page 33 and 34: pinpointed. Most people feel anxiet
Page 35 and 36: According to Bulmer (1975) hate is
Page 37 and 38: Brand and Graves (1994:165) describ
Page 39 and 40: Primary appraisal, which is about w
Page 41 and 42: Values and Value Systems Values are
Page 43 and 44: Sternberg (1998:551) makes the poin
Page 45 and 46: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTlVIST ApPROACH
Page 47 and 48: RATIONALISATION According to Bulmer
Page 49: Bulmer (1975:vi) defines empathy as
Page 53 and 54: SOCIAL EVENT DEMOTION ACTION RESPON
Page 55 and 56: from an anthropological point of vi
Page 57 and 58: symbolic reference is not understoo
Page 59 and 60: The role ofnouns in the expression
Page 61 and 62: In the choice ofa vocative Combrink
Page 63 and 64: Class 3 singular: izimu (an ogre) >
Page 65 and 66: Titles as vocatives Title vocatives
Page 67 and 68: "Jy. staan regop en trek in ;ou boe
Page 69 and 70: THE ROLE OF VERBS IN THE EXPRESSION
Page 71 and 72: Stre/ende woorde (Soothing words) W
Page 73 and 74: Eksaljou help. (I shall help you) D
Page 75 and 76: lsiZulu is said to have nine tone p
Page 77 and 78: CONCLUSION This chapter I demonstra
Page 79 and 80: organism to the world through such
Page 81 and 82: with the latter "the state and what
Page 83 and 84: (ii) The directive class of speech
Page 85 and 86: With Intentional states a belief is
Page 87 and 88: circumstances by those in certain i
Page 89 and 90: Directives: advising, admonishing,
Page 91 and 92: negotiation situations. Deterring,
Page 93 and 94: HI insist that you go to London. "
Page 95 and 96: deductions. Implications and inclus
Page 97 and 98: Secondly, there is a modal meaning
Page 99 and 100: When you permit a person bythe use
Page 101 and 102:
These modals, like must, denote obl
Page 103 and 104:
DISTAl FORMS OF THE ROOT MODAlS Cou
Page 105 and 106:
He will buy a car next year. When s
Page 107 and 108:
(He can play rugby well) Hulle kon
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(You only have to translate the fir
Page 111 and 112:
Werklikheid/ feitelikheid (Realityl
Page 113 and 114:
According to Van Schoor (1982:271)
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MOET (must) is the central auxiliar
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(Will you help me?) Sal jy my nie h
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Chapter 6 EMOTION DURING CONFLICT T
Page 121 and 122:
important to understand human needs
Page 123 and 124:
Self-actualisation needs are the la
Page 125 and 126:
pacts. Mersham and Skinner further
Page 127 and 128:
station or going to a particular ch
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in each other's welfare negotiate,
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The scoping of a conflict is import
Page 133 and 134:
may wish for or fight for the total
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}> How these groups mobilise i.e. i
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perceived goals and interests, cult
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Related to recognizing related disp
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egularly to see which ofthe factors
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eventually engaging in the armed st
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Stereotype-Breaking Action Using di
Page 147 and 148:
that of Cyril Ramaphosa ofthe ANC a
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Mediation is usually successful in
Page 151 and 152:
A mediator can also help the groups
Page 153 and 154:
oth internally and externally. Thes
Page 155 and 156:
this kind of narrative about the So
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ASSESSING YOUR OPPONENT'S POSITION
Page 159 and 160:
SEARCHING FOR HIDDEN MOTIVES It has
Page 161 and 162:
MOTIVATION Motivation and emotion o
Page 163 and 164:
stress levels are still Iow. Andrea
Page 165 and 166:
een violated like when one feels an
Page 167 and 168:
Conflict Mapping Wehr states how th
Page 169 and 170:
another instead of selfishly sticki
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Conflict Intrapersonal Interpersona
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government (KIug 2000:1) This happe
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Conflict transformation also means,
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empowennent or recognition ofoppone
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CONSTRUCTIVE CONFRONTATION Construc
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force in resolving the conflict. Ta
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etain the majority it gained in a p
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CRISIS MANAGEMENT DURING CONFLICT T
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It is advisable to be prepared for
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augment your team and to avoid this
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the factors that modifY the general
Page 193 and 194:
Tuesday, September 30, 1997) Howeve
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e scrutinised as well as the role o
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pre-negotiation is handIed well it
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Third parties or intennediaries als
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epresentatives of the government an
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~ If the surroundings at the neutra
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will take longer. Therefore Fuller
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The agenda for the CODESA negotiati
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elections. After the elections the
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The disadvantage is that some offer
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struggle into dialogue leaving nega
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constituent assembly and an interim
Page 217 and 218:
At level 2 integrative agreement is
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Insecure. Emotional Stability This
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THE EFFECT OF MEMBER PERSONALITY FA
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Barry and Friedman (1998:348) defin
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oute" and the "heuristic or periphe
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persistence of persuasion e.g. "inc
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fact that the people were being kil
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you want them to do and feel comfor
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Samaritan" (Fuller 1991:91) will ne
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that splitting the difference shoul
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The occurrence of violence before a
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person with real power, she is also
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to reason, then you will rather neg
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to be for that purpose. He had also
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You should also ask yourselfifthe o
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unacceptable offer, do not be blunt
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and evaluation of the offer. Changi
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These people, therefore, need to be
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constituency by not agreeing to the
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your adversary may persuade you to
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If the criteria for detennining the
Page 259 and 260:
services and other areas of public
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after the deal is reached, are over
Page 263 and 264:
display one's frustration and emoti
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suits you. It must be noted that du
Page 267 and 268:
TAKING ADVANTAGE OF DIVISIONS IN TH
Page 269 and 270:
(1992:196) recommends that one shou
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prisoners and other individuals. Th
Page 273 and 274:
Bullying Tactics It was discussed e
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Fuller (1992:206) mentions other ty
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- Do the parties all know their alt
Page 279 and 280:
IGNORING THEM AND CONTINUING WITH D
Page 281 and 282:
up in jail for human rights violati
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concessions have been made. However
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extremists were arrested. That made
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in negotiations, it helps to shift
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what they are saying during discuss
Page 291 and 292:
Involving Higher Level Participatio
Page 293 and 294:
international law during the compro
Page 295 and 296:
what his problem is. If you succeed
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confederation ofhomelands each with
Page 299 and 300:
apology and forgiveness and it cons
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Desmond Tutu as chairperson ofthe C
Page 303 and 304:
long way towards promoting the clim
Page 305 and 306:
experiencing friendship, intimacy,
Page 307 and 308:
ecause of the frequent exchange mak
Page 309 and 310:
in the case of a buyer who is only
Page 311 and 312:
limit". At a more complex level the
Page 313 and 314:
Barry and Oliver (1996) mention fiv
Page 315 and 316:
AFFECT RELATED To SETTLEMENTS AND O
Page 317 and 318:
Both affect sequences are a result
Page 319 and 320:
our behaviour during negotiation; w
Page 321 and 322:
In the same page Thompson (1998) sa
Page 323 and 324:
accept." Jackall quotes an example
Page 325 and 326:
called "a manic-depressive," a term
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with pauses or whether he speaks co
Page 329 and 330:
Contagion According to an experimen
Page 331 and 332:
Freedom To Express Emotion This dep
Page 333 and 334:
Controlled And Deliberate Emotional
Page 335 and 336:
who is perceived to be disliked by
Page 337 and 338:
especially in social contexts like
Page 339 and 340:
He also found that negotiators who
Page 341 and 342:
Ekman (1999) does not consider a br
Page 343 and 344:
There is also transactive memory wh
Page 345 and 346:
However, they can also enhance or w
Page 347 and 348:
Chapter 7 CONCLUSIONS This has been
Page 349 and 350:
BmLIOGRAPHY AUTHORED REFERENCES All
Page 351 and 352:
Barry, Bruce (with G.L. Stewart), 1
Page 353 and 354:
Fauconnier. Gilles 1995 Mental Spac
Page 355 and 356:
Langacker, Ronald W. 1993. Foundati
Page 357 and 358:
Taylor, John R. 1991 Linguistic Cat
Page 359 and 360:
NON-AuTHORED REFERENCES Conflict Re
Page 361 and 362:
Conflict Research Consortium 1998 I
Page 363 and 364:
Conflict Research Consortium 1998 R
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