3071-The political economy of new slavery

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Victoria Firmo-Fontan 105 It could be initiated by the international community when arriving in a post-war area, or by survivors, in collaboration with their governments, local NGOs and international organizations. Members of the international community in BiH and now in Afghanistan, comprising an important number of ‘users’ within the peacekeeping personnel, should be made aware that often women do not work in brothels of their own free will and that in most cases, they do not make any money at all. The narrative used to raise awareness should be exclusively that of slavery, for trafficking uses the victim’s body as a commodity, transported and sold through channels of organized crime. Awareness-raising campaigns are important in order to provide potential victims with sufficient information attached to migration. School children are an important target group in the issue of migration, since slaves can also be children. Awareness should also target women victims of violence in countries that are the hardest hit. A correlation has been made between violence and the rise of trafficking in Moldova and Ukraine, as women do see migration as a desperate measure to flee an abusive relationship, as much as they also leave their homes for economic reasons (Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights, 2000: quoted in Kartush, 2001). Police training could also account for successful prevention and action against trafficking. While this account mainly focuses on trafficking into BiH, women are also being trafficked out of the country, across the entity line, and all around the former Yugoslavia. General awareness could also promote future legislative harmonization between borderstates. The OSCE, given the mandate of police training under a specific pillar system of post-conflict management, is successfully training new police recruits in Kosov@ to that effect. Conclusion Trafficking and forced prostitution were acknowledged as stark reality faced by transitional societies following the 1990 United Nations Mission to Cambodia (UNTAC) (Fetherston, 1998). Five years later, the onset of peace in BiH reiterated international concern over the issue. However, the successful NATO campaign in Kosov@ of 1999 brought forward a sudden mushrooming of brothels across the province. While some of the lessons learned from BiH have been applied to Kosov@ with regard to trafficking, the number of brothels in the region is still unacceptable. Will Afghanistan suffer from the same flaws in international policymaking? What can be done to prevent it? International law seems to acknowledge trafficking as a fatality. Our role is to take it seriously.
106 Responses to Sexual Slavery Notes 1. Personal correspondence, corroborated by Human Rights Watch (2002c). 2. News International, ‘Disgrace to humanity: Afghan girls on sale for 100kg of wheat’, 10 February 2002. 3. It is with reluctance that the term Balkans is being used by the author, who acknowledges the existence of the literature on the westernisation of the term (Hudson, 2002). 4. Recorded interview with Laura Hampea, Bilbao, Spain, December 2002. 5. Interview with George Mulheir, Limerick, 15 May 2002. 6. Interview with Aitor Asli Victoria, Doctores sin Fronteras Mission to Afghanistan, November 2002, Bilbao, Spain. 7. The Dayton Peace Accord has partitioned BiH into the Serb Republic (Republika Srpska) and the Bosnian-Croat Federation. The partition has resulted in the formation of different police forces. 8. Unattributable interviews with OSCE and IPTF staff, corroborated by Human Rights Watch (2002b). 9. See note 7. 10. Personal communication, corroborated by Human Rights Watch (2002b). 11. Unattributable interviews with IPTF staff. 12. At the time of writing, the author has initiated an academic enquiry into the implication of legally based lap-dancing clubs within the Republic of Ireland in the trafficking of Eastern European sex workers. The present enquiry will investigate several claims made surrounding the use of lapdancing clubs as a means of gaining entry for individuals to Irish territory, before disappearing into brothels as prostitutes. 13. Interview carried out at Doboj IPTF station on 23 January 2002. 14. Interview with K. D., Prijedor, 16 October 2001. 15. The author chose to review solely the most relevant international laws, as the BiH national law falls under three constitutions and falls short of being applied by the two national police forces, sharing four police codes. 16. Succession by BiH on 1 September 1993. 17. Ibid. 18. Not yet in force, ratification by BiH on 13 December 1996. 19. Succession by BiH on 1 September 1993. 20. Ibid. 21. IOM Press Briefing Notes – 7 May 2002 on http://www.iom.int/news/ PBN070502.shtml; and http://www.uno.de/frieden/afghanistan/talks/ agreement.htm. 22. Telephone interview with Jean Monet Professor Edward Moxon-Browne, University of Limerick. 23. Antonia Young, interviewed in Schtadtschlaining, Austria, on 20 May 2002.
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The Political Economy of New Slaver
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Palgrave Texts in International Pol
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Selection, editorial matter and Cha
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vi Contents 8 Child Labour in Latin
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Foreword Many consider that slavery
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Acknowledgements The production of
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xii Notes on the Contributors to Gl
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List of Abbreviations AABA APFL ASI
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xvi List of Abbreviations UNPD UNTA
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2 Introduction as slavery in order
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4 Introduction agency need to be re
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6 Introduction Or does a government
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8 Introduction of this system. It t
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10 Introduction It is a common assu
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12 Introduction The final part of t
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1 Contemporary Slavery, Global Just
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Christien van den Anker 17 The conc
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Christien van den Anker 19 estimate
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Christien van den Anker 21 Globaliz
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Christien van den Anker 23 internat
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Christien van den Anker 25 all, chi
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Christien van den Anker 27 in work
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Christien van den Anker 29 at the i
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Christien van den Anker 31 (b) The
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Christien van den Anker 33 Examples
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Christien van den Anker 35 liveliho
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2 Migration and Security: The Wrong
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Jeroen Doomernik 39 to have a count
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Jeroen Doomernik 41 one member stat
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Jeroen Doomernik 43 far as this wou
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Jeroen Doomernik 45 adept at respon
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Jeroen Doomernik 47 often dangerous
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Jeroen Doomernik 49 movement of peo
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Jeroen Doomernik 51 nations - are i
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Part II Cases and Recommendations
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Page 119 and 120: 102 Responses to Sexual Slavery Con
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Page 125 and 126: 108 Migrant Domestic Workers and Sl
Page 135 and 136: 7 Bonded Labour in South Asia: Indi
Page 137 and 138: 120 Bonded Labour in South Asia to
Page 139 and 140: 122 Bonded Labour in South Asia Alt
Page 141 and 142: 124 Bonded Labour in South Asia reh
Page 143 and 144: 126 Bonded Labour in South Asia tha
Page 145 and 146: 128 Bonded Labour in South Asia wor
Page 147 and 148: 130 Bonded Labour in South Asia ind
Page 149 and 150: 132 Bonded Labour in South Asia tak
Page 151 and 152: 134 Bonded Labour in South Asia use
Page 153 and 154: 136 Bonded Labour in South Asia maj
Page 155 and 156: 138 Child Labour in Latin America o
Page 157 and 158: 140 Child Labour in Latin America h
Page 159 and 160: 142 Child Labour in Latin America t
Page 161 and 162: 144 Child Labour in Latin America t
Page 163 and 164: 146 Child Labour in Latin America a
Page 165 and 166: 148 Child Labour in Latin America O
Page 167 and 168: 150 Child Labour in Latin America c
Page 169 and 170: 152 Child Labour in Latin America P
Page 171 and 172: 154 Child Labour in Latin America T
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156 Child Labour in Latin America 2
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9 Child Labour, Education and Child
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160 Child Labour, Education and Chi
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10 The Global Framework for Develop
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Nigel Dower 183 standardly not take
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Nigel Dower 185 a society of states
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Nigel Dower 187 its critique are re
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Nigel Dower 189 given pre-existing
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Nigel Dower 191 (like child labour)
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Nigel Dower 193 affect negatively t
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Nigel Dower 195 of decision as a ma
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Nigel Dower 197 a way the very poor
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Nigel Dower 199 Development ethics,
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11 Strategies for Change: The Tobin
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Emma Dowling 203 Detrimental effect
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Emma Dowling 205 gross sum of any f
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Emma Dowling 207 better systems of
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Emma Dowling 209 ‘Chilean Model
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Emma Dowling 211 know any non-speci
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Emma Dowling 213 support. Yet the f
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Emma Dowling 215 what types of argu
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12 Modern Slavery and Fair Trade Pr
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Ivan Manokha 219 ‘certain groups
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Ivan Manokha 221 impoverishment of
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Ivan Manokha 223 less their basic n
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Ivan Manokha 225 As regards the fir
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Ivan Manokha 227 Fair Trade: achiev
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Ivan Manokha 229 example, act as me
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Ivan Manokha 231 millions of peasan
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Ivan Manokha 233 sweatshops. Nor do
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13 Slavery as Piracy: The Legal Cas
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Geraldine Van Bueren 237 human righ
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Geraldine Van Bueren 239 be a claim
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Geraldine Van Bueren 241 United Sta
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Geraldine Van Bueren 243 In the Uni
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Geraldine Van Bueren 245 Japanese A
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Geraldine Van Bueren 247 17. Africa
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Bibliography 249 Anti-Slavery Inter
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Bibliography 251 Clean Clothes Camp
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Bibliography 253 Eichengreen B. Mus
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Bibliography 255 Groves, L. (2003)
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Bibliography 257 Kaldor, M. (2000)
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Bibliography 259 Pearson, E. (2002a
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Bibliography 261 UNDP (1998) UNDP,
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Index Adanggamanican 243 administra
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Index 265 Copenhagen Summit 1995 19
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Index 267 extent of child labour pr
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Index 269 Nepal 57 BASE 134 bonded
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Index 271 smuggling of migrants 4,
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