3071-The political economy of new slavery

4 Introduction
agency need to be recognized in developing campaigns and policies to
combat slavery. Furthermore, a cosmopolitan approach is advocated to
create justice for all.
The main issues explored in Chapter 2 are: the effects globalization
has on migration patterns and volumes in general; the predominantly
defensive strategies most, if not all, developed states have introduced in
response; and the unforeseen consequences thereof, an increase in the
smuggling of human beings being one of the most significant among
them.
In the first section, the chapter presents the most recent figures on
migration in Europe, showing that immigration increased in recent
years after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The response to increased
immigration was to establish stricter legal measures on visas, asylum and
so on. The section then argues that the crossing of borders by uninvited
migrants was conceptualized as a security issue. At the start of the new
millennium, it has become clear that both efforts to secure borders and
to tighten eligibility within the processing of claims have had no longlasting
effect. Immigration in the countries of the European Union is still
considerable. The next section contrasts national and global interests.
It argues that liberal democracies have to balance the protection of their
own citizens with the protection of human rights worldwide. Economic
globalization integrates ever larger parts of the developing world rendering
them dependent on the world market. Violent swings in prices
combined with very rapid population growth lead to economic decline
rather than development in many countries. This produces a rapidly
increasing emigration pressure, which is exacerbated when people are
the victim of civil strife or full-blown war. These conflicts too tend to be
the result of direct or, more frequently, indirect forces of globalization.
The chapter then goes on to analyze the smuggling of migrants.
Arguably the most significant effect of the one-sided approach to immigration
as a security issue lies in the rise of a specific type of business
operation: the smuggling and trafficking of human beings. Its conclusion
states that the words migration and security threat can only be justifiably
used together in the context of the threat to the well-being and basic
human rights of the migrants concerned. It then sketches some policy
implications, such as the consideration that alternatives to the present
policies should do justice to the declining ability of states to control the
movement of people and offer better protection to the basic human
rights of those who are on the move.
In Chapter 3 the deputy director of Anti-Slavery International, David
Ould, presents the range of human rights abuse covered by the term