3071-The political economy of new slavery

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Ivan Manokha 225 As regards the first strategy, a multiplicity of NGOs were established to monitor corporations’ human rights records and mobilize public opinion. Examples include CorpWatch, NikeWatch, Multinational Monitor, Labour Behind the Label, Clean Clothes Campaign, Campaign for Labour Rights, and others. These organizations engaged in protests against corporations exposing malpractices and human rights abuses. They were actively supported by students. For example in 1997, student protests against Nike were conducted at a number of American universities. The Economist reports in this regard: in the past few years, Shell, BP, Rio Tinto Zinc, Disney, Reebok, Nike and Starbucks Coffee, among others, have been rocked by the public criticism of human-rights groups and labour unions. Levi Strauss, Macy’s, Liz Claiborne, Eddie Bauer and PepsiCo have pulled out of Myanmar after being lambasted for doing business there. Oil giants Texaco and Amoco soon followed. The Economist, 1998 These protests have led to the development of codes specifying good business practice by corporations where commitment to corporate social responsibility is usually pledged. Codes of conduct, which set out the standards a multinational expects of its factories and contractors, have evolved from vague promises into detailed rules. The troubles of Nike, a firm making sports goods that fell foul of the activists in 1997, speeded up this transformation, as other multinationals scrambled to avoid similar boycotts. The best codes now tend to be monitored by outside auditors. Companies realize that merely making promises risks adding hypocrisy to the list of charges against them. The Economist, 1999 The ILO reports that today practically all corporations have a code of conduct (ILO, 1998). Many corporations have gone further than just acknowledging the importance of labour standards and have engaged in various projects aimed at human rights advocacy, either on their own or in partnership with international organizations and NGOs. One example of such activities has been the Ethical Trade Initiative (ETI) developed by a number of corporations along with NGOs and trade union organizations. Ethical
226 Modern Slavery and Fair Trade Products Trade is a good preliminary to the analysis of Fair Trade, because it highlights the latter’s more profound focus. Members of ETI include such brands as ASDA, The Body Shop International, J. Sainsbury, Levi Strauss, Safeway, Somerfield and others, as well as such NGOs as Anti-Slavery International, Christian Aid, Fairtrade Foundation, Oxfam, Save the Children, Traidcraft Exchange, and so on. Participating corporations have declared commitment to business ethics and corporate responsibility, the promotion of workers’ rights and human rights in general. In employment, ethical business includes working towards the ending of child labour, forced labour and sweatshops, looking at health and safety, labour conditions and labour rights (Ethical Trade Initiative). These commitments do not aim at dealing with poverty and conditions forcing people to accept slave-like jobs and contributing to their vulnerability as regards slavery and forced labour. Such socio-economic conditions are objectives of Fair Trade initiatives, which constitute the second element of NGO strategy, namely, attempts to address the root causes of forced labour and sweatshops. For example, CorpWatch states the following as regards poverty among cocoa producers which often results in employment of slave labour: ‘The Solution! Fair Trade Certification, which guarantees a minimum price of $0.80 per pound, would allow cocoa plantation owners to pay their workers a living wage AND cease the practice of child slavery’ (CorpWatch, 2002). Anti-Slavery International says the same: Fair Trade is the only guarantee that products, such as chocolate, are slave free. All fair trade products have to meet strict conditions, including the guarantee that no forced or illegal child labour has been used. Fair trade goods also give producers a fair price for their produce, thus helping to challenge the unfair trading systems that keep people in poverty and often force them into slavery. Anti-Slavery International, 2003 The same position is taken by Global Exchange: Fortunately, there is a way to correct the economic imbalances of the cocoa system: Fair Trade...While the global price for cocoa hovers around 40 cents per pound, the Fair Trade system guarantees farmers 80 cents per pound, giving them the income to support their families with dignity. Global Exchange [b]
Page 1 and 2:
The Political Economy of New Slaver
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Palgrave Texts in International Pol
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Selection, editorial matter and Cha
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vi Contents 8 Child Labour in Latin
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Foreword Many consider that slavery
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Acknowledgements The production of
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xii Notes on the Contributors to Gl
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List of Abbreviations AABA APFL ASI
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xvi List of Abbreviations UNPD UNTA
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2 Introduction as slavery in order
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4 Introduction agency need to be re
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6 Introduction Or does a government
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8 Introduction of this system. It t
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10 Introduction It is a common assu
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12 Introduction The final part of t
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1 Contemporary Slavery, Global Just
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Christien van den Anker 17 The conc
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Christien van den Anker 19 estimate
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Christien van den Anker 21 Globaliz
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Christien van den Anker 23 internat
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Christien van den Anker 25 all, chi
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Christien van den Anker 27 in work
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Christien van den Anker 29 at the i
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Christien van den Anker 31 (b) The
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Christien van den Anker 33 Examples
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Christien van den Anker 35 liveliho
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2 Migration and Security: The Wrong
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Jeroen Doomernik 39 to have a count
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Jeroen Doomernik 41 one member stat
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Jeroen Doomernik 43 far as this wou
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Jeroen Doomernik 45 adept at respon
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Jeroen Doomernik 47 often dangerous
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Jeroen Doomernik 49 movement of peo
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Jeroen Doomernik 51 nations - are i
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Part II Cases and Recommendations
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56 Trafficking and International La
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76 The Belgian Counter-trafficking
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92 Responses to Sexual Slavery publ
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94 Responses to Sexual Slavery some
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96 Responses to Sexual Slavery regi
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98 Responses to Sexual Slavery The
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100 Responses to Sexual Slavery to
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102 Responses to Sexual Slavery Con
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104 Responses to Sexual Slavery on
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106 Responses to Sexual Slavery Not
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108 Migrant Domestic Workers and Sl
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7 Bonded Labour in South Asia: Indi
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120 Bonded Labour in South Asia to
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122 Bonded Labour in South Asia Alt
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124 Bonded Labour in South Asia reh
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126 Bonded Labour in South Asia tha
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128 Bonded Labour in South Asia wor
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130 Bonded Labour in South Asia ind
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132 Bonded Labour in South Asia tak
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134 Bonded Labour in South Asia use
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136 Bonded Labour in South Asia maj
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138 Child Labour in Latin America o
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140 Child Labour in Latin America h
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142 Child Labour in Latin America t
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144 Child Labour in Latin America t
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146 Child Labour in Latin America a
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148 Child Labour in Latin America O
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150 Child Labour in Latin America c
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152 Child Labour in Latin America P
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154 Child Labour in Latin America T
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156 Child Labour in Latin America 2
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9 Child Labour, Education and Child
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160 Child Labour, Education and Chi
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Page 191 and 192: 174 Child Labour, Education and Chi
Page 198 and 199: 10 The Global Framework for Develop
Page 200 and 201: Nigel Dower 183 standardly not take
Page 202 and 203: Nigel Dower 185 a society of states
Page 204 and 205: Nigel Dower 187 its critique are re
Page 206 and 207: Nigel Dower 189 given pre-existing
Page 208 and 209: Nigel Dower 191 (like child labour)
Page 210 and 211: Nigel Dower 193 affect negatively t
Page 212 and 213: Nigel Dower 195 of decision as a ma
Page 214 and 215: Nigel Dower 197 a way the very poor
Page 216 and 217: Nigel Dower 199 Development ethics,
Page 218 and 219: 11 Strategies for Change: The Tobin
Page 220 and 221: Emma Dowling 203 Detrimental effect
Page 222 and 223: Emma Dowling 205 gross sum of any f
Page 224 and 225: Emma Dowling 207 better systems of
Page 226 and 227: Emma Dowling 209 ‘Chilean Model
Page 228 and 229: Emma Dowling 211 know any non-speci
Page 230 and 231: Emma Dowling 213 support. Yet the f
Page 232 and 233: Emma Dowling 215 what types of argu
Page 234 and 235: 12 Modern Slavery and Fair Trade Pr
Page 236 and 237: Ivan Manokha 219 ‘certain groups
Page 238 and 239: Ivan Manokha 221 impoverishment of
Page 240 and 241: Ivan Manokha 223 less their basic n
Page 244 and 245: Ivan Manokha 227 Fair Trade: achiev
Page 246 and 247: Ivan Manokha 229 example, act as me
Page 248 and 249: Ivan Manokha 231 millions of peasan
Page 250 and 251: Ivan Manokha 233 sweatshops. Nor do
Page 252 and 253: 13 Slavery as Piracy: The Legal Cas
Page 254 and 255: Geraldine Van Bueren 237 human righ
Page 256 and 257: Geraldine Van Bueren 239 be a claim
Page 258 and 259: Geraldine Van Bueren 241 United Sta
Page 260 and 261: Geraldine Van Bueren 243 In the Uni
Page 262 and 263: Geraldine Van Bueren 245 Japanese A
Page 264 and 265: Geraldine Van Bueren 247 17. Africa
Page 266 and 267: Bibliography 249 Anti-Slavery Inter
Page 268 and 269: Bibliography 251 Clean Clothes Camp
Page 270 and 271: Bibliography 253 Eichengreen B. Mus
Page 272 and 273: Bibliography 255 Groves, L. (2003)
Page 274 and 275: Bibliography 257 Kaldor, M. (2000)
Page 276 and 277: Bibliography 259 Pearson, E. (2002a
Page 278 and 279: Bibliography 261 UNDP (1998) UNDP,
Page 280 and 281: Index Adanggamanican 243 administra
Page 282 and 283: Index 265 Copenhagen Summit 1995 19
Page 284 and 285: Index 267 extent of child labour pr
Page 286 and 287: Index 269 Nepal 57 BASE 134 bonded
Page 288 and 289: Index 271 smuggling of migrants 4,
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