Fluids Hypertension Syndromes: Migraines, Headaches, Normal ...

Fluids Hypertension Syndromes – Dr. Leonardo Izecksohn – page 273
creased significantly. Compared to placebo, caffeine also produced significant increases of diastolic
blood pressure and cortisol.” (Lucas P B, and others).
XVI - 207) Sex hormones disturbs: “In premenopausal women, caffeine intake was inversely associated
with luteal total and free estradiol, and positively associated with luteal progesterone levels. Coffee
intake was significantly associated with lower luteal total and free estradiol levels, but not luteal
progesterone levels. Among the postmenopausal women, there was a positive association between caffeine
and coffee intake and sex hormone-binding globulin levels.” (Kotsopoulos J, and others).
XVI - 208) Skeletal growth impairment: “In 7346 pregnant women participating in a population-based
prospective cohort study from early pregnancy onward in the Netherlands (2001-
2005)...Higher caffeine intake was associated with smaller first-trimester crown-rump length, second-
and third-trimester femur length, and birth length. Offspring of mothers who consumed > or =6 caffeine
units/d tended to have increased risks of small-for-gestational-age infants at birth. Our results
suggest that caffeine intake of > or =6 units/d during pregnancy is associated with impaired fetal length
growth. Caffeine exposure might preferentially adversely affect fetal skeletal growth.” (Bakker R, and
others).
“Femora in the caffeine group (of young rats) were wider, periosteal bone area/total bone area was
greater, the cross sectional area of femoral bone was smaller, and there were fewer osteocytes/bone
area than in controls. Calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and hydroxyproline concentrations in the caffeine
group were less in both bones. These results indicate that if animals are exposed to caffeine during the
rapidly growing period, changes occur in femoral bone which are similar to those that occur with
aging.”(Sasahara H, and others)
XVI - 209) Sleep bruxism: It can be the caffeine effect disturbing the sleep. “Grinding of teeth during
sleep occurring at least weekly was reported by 8.2% of the subjects, and significant consequences
from teeth grinding during sleep (ie, muscular discomfort on awakening, disturbing tooth grinding, or
necessity of dental work) were found in half of these subjects”. “Subjects with obstructive sleep apnea
syndrome, loud snorers, subjects with moderate daytime sleepiness, heavy alcohol drinkers, caffeine
drinkers, smokers, subjects with a highly stressful life, and those with anxiety are at higher risk of reporting
sleep bruxism.” (Ohayon M M, and others).
XVI - 210) Sleep disorders in adults and infants: “Caffeine has been shown to prolong sleep
latency and shorten total sleep duration with preservation of the dream phases of sleep.” (Suleman A,
and Lorenzo N).
“Caffeine exerts obvious effects on anxiety and sleep which vary according to individual sensitivity
to the methylxanthine”. (Nehlig A, and others).
“In 12 young (20-30 years) and 12 middle-aged (40-60 years) moderate caffeine consumers… the
evening ingestion of caffeine lengthened sleep latency, reduced sleep efficiency, and decreased sleep
duration and amount of stage 2 sleep in both age groups. Caffeine also reduced spectral power in delta
frequencies in frontal, central and parietal brain areas, but not in prefrontal and occipital regions.
Moreover, caffeine increased spectral power in beta frequencies in frontal and central brain areas in
both age groups. Generally, caffeine produced similar effects in young and middle-aged subjects. Only
a few frequency bins showed more effects of caffeine in middle-aged subjects compared with young
subjects.” (Drapeau C, and others).
Infant nighttime waking: “In 885 children born in 2004 in the city of Pelotas, Brazil ... Night waking
was defined as an episode of infant arousal that woke the parents during nighttime. All but 1 mother
consumed caffeine in pregnancy. Nearly 20% were heavy consumers (≥300 mg/day) during pregnancy
and 14.3% at 3 months postpartum. Prevalence of frequent nighttime awakeners (>3 episodes
per night) was 13.8%. The highest prevalence ratio was observed among breastfed infants from mothers
consuming ≥300 mg/day during the whole pregnancy and in the postpartum period.” (Santos I S,
and others).