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• Formulating distinctive risk reductionstrategies for specific sectors.• Providing mutual assistance in case of disaster.• Enhancing local level risk management.There has been more collaboration with communityand municipal based organisationssuch as the Community Network for Risk Management,the Federation of Community Organisationsand the Central American Municipal Federation.There is a promising expansion of programmesdedicated to reducing vulnerabilityto natural hazards at local levels, buildingnational capacities, and exchanging experienceand information regionally.Beginning in July 2001, UNDP launched atwo-year Regional Programme on Risk Managementand Disaster Reduction. This concentratesCommunity - based regional inititiveInitial consideration given to community-baseddisaster reduction outlooks were boosted by aGTZ-inspired project for Strengthening of LocalStructures for Disaster Mitigation (FEMID). Toundertake a regional approach for introducingrisk reduction considerations within local developmentframeworks, it used pilot activities in allsix Central American countries. Experiencegained in the use of early warning in local communitieswas applied to floods in the projectpilot zones. In the Masica area of northernHonduras it became a regional and internationalexample of good practice. After early warningschemes had been consolidated in different areas,local committees – formed to promote this singleactivity – began to develop a broader interest inother primary risk reduction issues. This thenled to some of the groups establishing new relationshipswith development agencies, as occurredin the Chepo area of Panama.on improving local risk management practices,within the framework of CEPREDENAC’sLocal Level Risk Management Programme, andstrengthening the capacities of national riskreduction systems. A new phase of the UNDPcoordinatedinter-agency Disaster ManagementTraining Programme (DMTP) is being designedto concentrate particularly on structuringnational risk scenarios, identifying key actorsand determining the priority research and trainingrequirements of the region.Policy and public commitment: the foundation of disaster risk reductionCoordinating Centre for the Preventionof Natural Disasters in Central AmericaCEPREDENAC has been key in realising these changes. Startingas an informal group of scientific and official responseorganizations in 1987, it has become the official Central AmericanIntegration System’s (SICA) specialized organization forrisk and disaster reduction strategies.Following the coordination and operational demands imposedby the devastating disasters in the final years of the 1990s, ithas proven crucial in tying together many professional abilitiesand regional political interests. Importantly, the regional strategycalled for the updating and completion of CEPREDENAC’sRegional Plan for Disaster Reduction. Since 1999, this hasbeen the vehicle by which CEPREDENAC has promotedaction identified by the governments and many other projectsthroughout the region.CEPREDENAC has gained status through its work plans withother specialized agencies. It has undertaken risk reductionactivities with PAHO in the health sector, the Housing andHuman Settlements Coordinating Committee in the housingand human settlements area, the Central American and PanamanianInstitute for Nutrition and the World Food Programmein food security matters, and the Central American TransportCommittee in communications and transport. It has pursuedadditional endeavours to further risk reduction with otherregional agencies in the fields of agriculture, water management,telecommunications, and electricity generation and distribution.CEPREDENAC has moved toward broader regional programmedevelopment, encouraging projects to be implemented bynational authorities or local groups. Recently, CEPREDENACand the Regional Unit for Technical Assistance (RUTA) publishedguidelines for the introduction of risk management practicesin rural development projects throughout the region. In asimilar vein, CEPREDENAC is now addressing risk issuesassociated with the important Puebla to Panama Logistical Corridor,undertaking more work with the private sector, the regionaland international banking community, and promoting riskreduction issues in Central American development agencies.With IADB, World Bank and Japanese funds CEPREDENAC isfinancing a Regional Prevention and Mitigation Programme tofinance projects favouring risk reduction proposed by nationalCEPREDENAC commissions. At the beginning of 2001 it createda Local Level Risk Management Programme with the supportof IADB and UNDP. Initial activities have involved the establishmentof a conceptual framework for risk management thatwill encourage programme activities, and the start of a systematicprocess of recording experiences in local level management inthe region. A third initiative is the institution’s Regional ActionPlan for Central America, financed by UNESCO with Dutch,German and French support. This regional programme providestraining for specialists in the use of technologies for analysinghazards, particularly the use of GIS applications.1153
3Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives116Another programme for regional collaborationand capacity building was launched by theSwiss Agency for Development and Cooperation followinghurricane Mitch. A Disaster PreventionProgramme (PREVAC) is conceived to runfrom 1999-2003 with a budget of US$ 5 million.Support is being offered to Honduras,Nicaragua and El Salvador responding to theproposals coming from the Strategic Frameworkfor Vulnerability and Disaster Reduction.The programme concentrates on raising awarenessof natural hazards, capacity building andinstitutional strengthening, and works with anarray of institutional actors including ministries,national disaster organizations, scientificand technical institutions and universities.The CaribbeanThe past decade, has seen in increase of multidisciplinarydiscussions regarding disaster andrisk management in the Caribbean. Since itsestablishment in 1991 by the Caribbean Community(CARICOM), the Caribbean DisasterEmergency Response Agency (CDERA) hasworked to create an expanding infrastructurefor a methodical approach for developing disastermanagement programmes among memberstates, including multi-island projects.Initiated to enable countries to cope moreeffectively in the aftermath of a disaster,increasingly, more emphasis has been given todisaster risk reduction as part of developmentand environmental concerns. The idea of disasterreduction has been introduced in mostregional initiatives at policy level, includingthrough the Programme of Action for SmallIsland Developing States, among the CARI-COM priority areas for action, and the programmesof the Association of Caribbean States(ACS).These interests are consistently re-enforced ona sub-regional basis by the biennial CaribbeanNatural Hazards Conferences organized by theprimary regional disaster management stakeholders.These typically have included the Universityof the West Indies (UWI), CDERA,USAID and UNDP. Furthermore, the issueof vulnerability assessment has become one ofthe key foreign policy areas of CARICOM,and it has been raised in several forums includingthe World Bank, IDB, OAS and the Com-monwealth Secretariat. At the Conference ofHeads of Government of the Caribbean Community(COHG), the highest collective decisionmakingbody in the region, the portfolio of disastermanagement and the environment hasbeen declared a matter of cabinet level responsibility.Other agencies have also contributed to capacitydevelopment in the Caribbean throughfunding of disaster management programmesimplemented by government agencies andNGOs. In 1991, CARICOM committeditself to establishing a permanent agency with afocus on preparedness and response planning,supported by its member states. Since thenCDERA has worked to broaden the disastermanagement agenda in the region.It contributed to the development of disastermanagement among member states, as well astraining and development of a core of professionalswho are a valuable source of expertisefor all countries. In partnership with a varietyof donors, the agency has executed a number ofprojects aimed at building the capacity ofmember countries in disaster management.Andean countries of South AmericaThe five countries of the Andean sub-region ofSouth America – Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador,Peru and Venezuela – live with a high level ofrisk and must often cope with disasters. Theseinclude the Huaraz Earthquake in Peru in1970; El Niño/La Niña episodes in 1982-1983and 1997-1998, the volcanic eruption of Nevadodel Ruiz in Colombia in 1985; and themudslides in Venezuela in 1999.The most common types of disasters in theregion are associated with earthquakes, volcaniceruptions, floods and droughts. From asocio-economic point of view, the highestimpact is from hydrometeorological disasters.Aside from the common historic and culturalroots shared by the countries, along with sometopographic similarities, their institutional cooperationis enhanced through the AndeanIntegration System. Growing interest in collaborationwas displayed when the AndeanDevelopment Corporation (CAF/ADC) estab-
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DLiving with RiskA global review of
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Bastien Affeltranger, FranceTom Alc
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IntroductionThis is a preliminary v
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“Imagine all the people…”It w
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Eruption of Mount Agung, Bali, Indo
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Living with risk - focus on disaste
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The shift towards disaster reductio
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Taking these developments into acco
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Disaster risk reduction - a sharedr
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A disaster is a function of the ris
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Disaster risk management and reduct
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Chapter2Risk awareness and assessme
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Understanding the nature of hazards
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Risk awareness and assessment2Map-
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The figure below illustrates the fo
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Trends in disaster impactWhile no c
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Trends in hazardsUntil recently, th
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Risk awareness and assessment2Nyira
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Risk awareness and assessment2ISDR
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Risk awareness and assessment2Reduc
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Risk awareness and assessment2Wildl
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Risk awareness and assessment2Prima
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Risk awareness and assessment215 la
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North AmericaThe Natural Hazards Re
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EuropeA different type of informati
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created a more readily understood c
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Technical information service conve
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ole in defining these future requir
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A second initiative to disseminate
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support, contribute to the establis
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issues, climatic uncertainty, chang
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Building understanding: development
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anism that has been exploited to on
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preparedness are frequently attribu
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Institutional basis to transmit exp
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lic information must necessarily in
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information including links to many
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Building understanding: development
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ized a workshop with the support of
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nication remains the local language
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In 2001, government officials, ADRC
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challengesFuture challenges and pri
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Chapter5A selection of disasterredu
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5Living with Risk: A global review
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Annexesa1Annex 1Terminology: Basic
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Emergency management involves the p
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Recovery (rehabilitation and recons
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Annexesa2Annex 2Directory: Internat
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Annexesa2Business and Industry Coun
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Annexesa2Comisión Nacional de Prev
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Annexesa2Disaster Management Center
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Annexesa2Experimental Climate Predi
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Annexesa2Instituto Nicaraguense de
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Annexesa2International Drought Info
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Annexesa2Musokotwane Environment Re
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Annexesa2Organization of Eastern Ca
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Annexesa2Unit for Sustainable Devel
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Annexesa3Annex 3aList of ACRONYMSAC
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Annexesa3CREDCRIDCSDCSDSCSIRCSTCSWC
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GEOGESIGFMCGHIGIEWSGISGLIDESGLO-DIS
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Annexesa3mMABMADERMANDISAMARNMATEMC
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Annexesa3SARCOFSARDCSARECSBOSCF-UKS
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Annexesa4Annex 4aBibliographyAbramo
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Annexesa4eDisaster Relief. Worldwid
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Annexesa4kKent,m lRandolph. 1987. A
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Annexesa4Thompson, C. 1993. Drought
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The International Strategy for Disa
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