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Selected application of disaster reduction measures5General methodology used for municipality studies227
5Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives228sionals, who received special training developedthese tools by working in a participatorymanner. Illustrations below show the processbeing used and examples of the resultsobtained in the project developed in the countrywith the support of the Swiss Agency forDevelopment and Corporation (SDC).The diagram on the previous page below illustratesthe methodology used to produce amunicipal study by the national professionals.The basis is a thorough, scientific, multiplehazardand multiple-risk analysis of the wholestudy area, taking account of local knowledgeand specialised information (steps 1 to 3). Thecore of the study is the elaboration of themunicipal disaster reduction plan, whichinvolves the production of the different riskmanagement tools illustrated in the next figures.Case: FranceThe Plan for the Prevention against natural Risks(PPR) is the main tool in the overall Frenchstrategy of natural disaster risk reduction. Itaims at controlling the use of natural and ruralspaces and expresses the responsibility toinform citizens about the risks they may beexposed to, as required under Article 21, of1987. Citizens are able to familiarise themselveswith the importance of risks, take measuresto protect their housing and join authoritiesin establishing relief and evacuation plans.The primary objective of the PPR process is toanalyse the risks of a particular territory inorder to establish hazardous areas. The plansare then able to introduce appropriate measuresof urban planning and construction thattake account of effective risk managementpractices. Zoning is one of the most commonmeans undertaken following the evaluation ofthe degree of predictable hazards. Resultingrisk maps form the basis of considerationwhich leads to the implementation of PPR andrelated legislation. The PPR is elaborated bystate agencies and is implemented under theauthority of the prefect of each departmentwho approves it with regard to the needs ofindividual communities. The PPR is formulatedfor application to all citizens, enterprisesand instruments of the government. It is aunique procedure which takes account of riskanalysis for land use planning. Presently, 2,350communities are covered by a PPR. It is anticipatedthat by 2005, 5,000 communities will becovered.An additional Plan for the Soil Occupancy (POS)also takes due consideration of natural hazardsas outlined in the French Urban Code. ThePPR is then annexed to the POS of the community.It complements other instrumentswhich highlight the potential risks in varioustypes of land use, natural resource protection,construction activities, and the administrativemanagement of territories.The French Ministry of Land Use Planning andof the Environment (MATE) has established anational list of communities at risk, which isupdated twice a year from information suppliedby prefectures. MATE has publishedthese risk maps on the Internet for easy accessby the inhabitants of communities, but also tounderline their ready availability for use bydecision-makers, notaries and insurance interests.Known as Corinte for Communes à risquesnaturels et technologiques, it is a database providinginformation on major risks by department,types of risk, individual risk analysis, land useplanning (PPR), departmental consolidatedfiles (DCS) and listings of prevention measuresundertaken. This public service of theprefectures is available at www.environnement.gouv.frand www.prim.net and it isregularly updated by MATE.Case: IndiaIn keeping with the objectives with the YokohamaStrategy, a Vulnrability Atlas of India wasdeveloped and ready in 1997. It has proved tobe an innovative tool for assessing district-widevulnerability and risk levels of existing buildingstock. The atlas has helped state governmentsand local authorities to strengthen regulatoryframeworks by amending the buildingby-laws, regulations, masterplans and land-useplanning regulations for promoting disasterresistant design and planning processes. Thedocuments and methodologies for vulnerabilityand risk assessment, along with technicalguidelines for disaster resistant constructions,have shown high potential for transfer, adaptationand replication. After the Gujarat earthquakein 2001 the relevance of the Atlas have
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DLiving with RiskA global review of
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Bastien Affeltranger, FranceTom Alc
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IntroductionThis is a preliminary v
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“Imagine all the people…”It w
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Eruption of Mount Agung, Bali, Indo
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Living with risk - focus on disaste
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The shift towards disaster reductio
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Taking these developments into acco
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Disaster risk reduction - a sharedr
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A disaster is a function of the ris
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Disaster risk management and reduct
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Chapter2Risk awareness and assessme
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Understanding the nature of hazards
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Risk awareness and assessment2Map-
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The figure below illustrates the fo
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Trends in disaster impactWhile no c
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Trends in hazardsUntil recently, th
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Risk awareness and assessment2Nyira
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Risk awareness and assessment2ISDR
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Risk awareness and assessment2Reduc
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Risk awareness and assessment2Wildl
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Risk awareness and assessment2Prima
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Risk awareness and assessment215 la
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dering external debts that constitu
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The identification of hazards usual
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consideration about the nature of i
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Risk awareness and assessment2Bern
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Risk awareness and assessment2THE P
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Risk awareness and assessment2The R
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Risk awareness and assessment2Ecoci
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Chapter3Policy and public commitmen
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Policy and public commitment: the f
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Policy frameworks in practiceAsiaDi
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process that emphasizes the partici
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announced the creation of the Offic
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established with necessary legislat
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Key policy proposals contained in t
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Under the mandate of the CTGC, a se
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Following recommendations, the city
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underway to upgrade the Swiss Natio
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damage to introducing means that ca
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The last earthquake to devastate Ka
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• Formulating distinctive risk re
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AfricaSouthern AfricaPolicy and pub
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y the conduct of monthly meetings d
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develop closer working relationship
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mechanisms among SAARC countries fo
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ients as unencumbered assistance. A
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able outcomes within individual Pac
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EuropeWestern EuropeResearch is one
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/environme
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ter. By working together with commu
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ing socio-economic considerations w
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Case: Central American countries,co
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experience of National Societies of
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Chapter4Building understanding: dev
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Building understanding: development
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International scope of informationT
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environmental changes, including el
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Regional initiativesRegional inform
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Building understanding: development
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North AmericaThe Natural Hazards Re
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EuropeA different type of informati
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created a more readily understood c
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Technical information service conve
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ole in defining these future requir
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A second initiative to disseminate
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5Living with Risk: A global review
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Photo: G. Berz, Munich Re
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Annexesa1Annex 1Terminology: Basic
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Emergency management involves the p
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Recovery (rehabilitation and recons
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Annexesa2Annex 2Directory: Internat
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Annexesa2Business and Industry Coun
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Annexesa2Comisión Nacional de Prev
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Annexesa2Disaster Management Center
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Annexesa2Experimental Climate Predi
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Annexesa2Instituto Nicaraguense de
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Annexesa2International Drought Info
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Annexesa2Musokotwane Environment Re
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Annexesa2Organization of Eastern Ca
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Annexesa2South Asian Association fo
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Annexesa2Unit for Sustainable Devel
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Annexesa3Annex 3aList of ACRONYMSAC
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Annexesa3CREDCRIDCSDCSDSCSIRCSTCSWC
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GEOGESIGFMCGHIGIEWSGISGLIDESGLO-DIS
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Annexesa3mMABMADERMANDISAMARNMATEMC
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Annexesa3SARCOFSARDCSARECSBOSCF-UKS
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Annexesa4Annex 4aBibliographyAbramo
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Annexesa4eDisaster Relief. Worldwid
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Annexesa4kKent,m lRandolph. 1987. A
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Annexesa4Thompson, C. 1993. Drought
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The International Strategy for Disa
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