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Selected application of disaster reduction measures5Drought early warning systemsPossible achievements through concerted and systematic approaches undertaken internationally,regionally and nationally are evidenced by the accomplishments in drought early warningsystems established in the wake of the world food crisis in the early 1970s.The FAO Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture(GIEWS) provides a framework for institutional links and information-sharing agreementsamong United Nations organizations, governments, NGOs and trade, research and mediaorganizations, while supporting national and regional initiatives. It monitors food supply anddemand conditions for all countries in the world on a continued basis and provides timelywarnings of any imminent food shortages, droughts and hunger at individual country or subregionallevel.The USAID Famine Early Warning System (FEWS) Net provides a full range of productsand services strengthening the abilities of African countries and regional organizations to managethreats of food security through the provision of timely and analytical early warning and vulnerabilityinformation.Article 10 of UNCCD encourages parties to “enhance national climatological, meteorologicaland hydrological capabilities and the means to provide for drought early warning”. UNCCDencourages parties to ensure that the collection, analysis and exchange of data and informationon drought and land degradation addresses the needs of local communities and that these areinvolved in these activities (article 16). Parties to UNCCD have recognized the importance ofbuilding on existing operational early warning systems within the framework of national actionprogrammes. The UNCCD Committee on Science and Technology established two ad hocpanels of experts to examine the issue of early warning systems in the light of the approachadopted by ISDR. The panels concluded that early warning for drought prediction andassessment, and monitoring and assessment for desertification are fundamentally interrelated,yet operationally different activities. The panels recommended that operational drought warningsystems should incorporate desertification monitoring into their activities and integratesystems to address both drought and desertification, rather than establishing separate systems.Traditional knowledge should also be integrated into monitoring and assessment activities.The IGAD policy on food security and environment addresses requirements of early warningsystems such as remote sensing services. Drought Monitoring Centres for Eastern and SouthernAfrica primarily focusing on drought have extended their products and services to coverweather and climatic patterns, as well as impact assessments.The new SADC Food Security Programme has widened its scope to encompass economicdevelopment, trade, investment and poverty (see also chapter 3.2). A regional coordinationand cooperation programme supports cooperation on all food security, agricultural and naturalresources development issues. A regional information system for food security supports thegeneration and exchange of information relating to all aspects of food security, ranging frominformation about policies through socio-economic data of economies to data concerning thenutrition of households for decision-making purposes across all the facets of the food, agricultureand natural resources sector. Components of the system include: the Regional Early WarningSystem for Food Security (REWS); the Regional Remote Sensing Unit (RRSU); and the RegionalEnvironmental Information System (REIS).The Sahelian Regional Training Centre for Agrometeorology and Operational Hydrology and theirApplications (AGRHYMET) of the Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in theSahel (CILSS) is now also dealing with natural resources management and the impacts of climatechange.277
5Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiativesEarly warning of volcanic eruptions in JapanThe Japanese Coordination Committee for the Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions dedicates its efforts to the mitigation of damagesfrom volcanoes. In this regard, early warning of eruptions is essential. Therefore, the Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA), universities and other research institutes are constantly monitoring and conducting research on volcanoesusing up-to-date technologies. JMA and university institutions regularly observe the most active volcanoes on a realtimebasis by using seismographs and cameras. Usu is one of the intensively observed volcanoes. In March 2000, theCommittee reported the possibility of an eruption. In response, the relevant administrative organizations such as theNational Land Agency, JMA, the Ministries of Construction, Home Affairs and Transport, and the national policedispatched officials to the site and organized a local liaison meeting, followed by the setting up of a local headquartersfor major disaster countermeasures to share information and decide on appropriate action. Local government officials,public corporations/companies and relief services were dispatched on site. Thus a response system both at the nationaland local levels was in place before the eruption. Advisory evacuation bulletins were issued to local residents usinglocal community networks and mass media. The agencies and ministries concerned arranged shelter, transportationand security. Evacuation orders then followed, whereby 10,000 people were evacuated; no death or injury was reported.The absence of human casualties can be attributed to the coordinated efforts of the organizations involved in disastermanagement. In this regard, accurate prediction of the eruption through constant observation with the latest technologieswas a key factor, allowing quick governmental response. Strong collaboration between each ministry andorganization allowed quick evacuation and provision of shelters. Moreover, partnerships with other organizations suchas the media secured efficient dissemination of warnings and evacuation orders.Source: ADRC, 2001provides a concrete example of health-related earlydetection, alert and investigation of diseaseutbreaks.At the national level, the Nicaraguan Governmenthas given natural hazard prevention an importantrole in its politics. Scientific investigations, mappingactivities and the establishment of early warning systemsare carried out by INETER. These efforts andcooperation with the Civil Defence of Nicaraguaand other institutions should lead to successful earlywarnings.Multidisciplinary, intersectoral andmulti-agency communications requirementsCommunication-related issues in the context of earlywarning systems have two aspects; the hardwareaspect relates to the maintenance of lifelines, i.e. thenecessity to build or strengthen robust hazard-resistantcommunication systems; the software aspectrelates to the maintenance of relationships, i.e. theneed to establish and maintain effective links andworking relationships among the actors involved inthe early warning chain.As stated earlier, considerable scientific, technical,communication and managerial efforts have beenachieved to improve early warning systems for arange of natural hazards. Systems are more accuratethan ever and can deliver information more quicklythan ever. However, most advanced technologies forobservation, analysis and transmission are not equallyavailable and affordable throughout the world. Presentand anticipated activities within the ISDR frameworkand bilateral/regional technical cooperation programmesoffer concrete vehicles to assist developingcountries in improving their forecast, prediction andcommunication systems. Moreover, it is recognizedthat occurrence of a hazard and ensuing relief aid,usually target the more “technical in nature” needs,such as hazard-resistant forms of communication orsophisticated means of data collection and processing,to mention but two.The necessity to build or strengthen key lifelineresources, such as electrical supply or telephone networks,to robust hazard-resistant standards is welldocumented and obvious. Solutions exist and are wellExperience shows that one of the most effectivemeasures for reducing damage and consequencesof natural disasters is a well-functioning coordinationof actions among a number of governmentalinstitutions involved in this activity. In the frameworkof the State Emergency Commission ofUkraine, special procedures for natural disasterpreparedness and mitigation have been establishedby the Government for national agencies.These specify basic principles and directives,define roles and responsibilities of differentdepartments and institutions for action at thenational, subregional and local levels.278
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DLiving with RiskA global review of
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Bastien Affeltranger, FranceTom Alc
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IntroductionThis is a preliminary v
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“Imagine all the people…”It w
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Eruption of Mount Agung, Bali, Indo
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Living with risk - focus on disaste
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The shift towards disaster reductio
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Taking these developments into acco
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Disaster risk reduction - a sharedr
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A disaster is a function of the ris
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Disaster risk management and reduct
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Chapter2Risk awareness and assessme
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Understanding the nature of hazards
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Risk awareness and assessment2Map-
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The figure below illustrates the fo
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Trends in disaster impactWhile no c
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Trends in hazardsUntil recently, th
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Risk awareness and assessment2Nyira
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Risk awareness and assessment2ISDR
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Risk awareness and assessment2Reduc
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Risk awareness and assessment2Wildl
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Risk awareness and assessment2Prima
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Risk awareness and assessment215 la
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dering external debts that constitu
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The identification of hazards usual
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consideration about the nature of i
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Risk awareness and assessment2Bern
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Risk awareness and assessment2THE P
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Risk awareness and assessment2The R
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Risk awareness and assessment2Ecoci
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Chapter3Policy and public commitmen
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Policy and public commitment: the f
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Policy frameworks in practiceAsiaDi
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process that emphasizes the partici
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announced the creation of the Offic
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established with necessary legislat
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Key policy proposals contained in t
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Under the mandate of the CTGC, a se
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Following recommendations, the city
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underway to upgrade the Swiss Natio
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damage to introducing means that ca
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The last earthquake to devastate Ka
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• Formulating distinctive risk re
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AfricaSouthern AfricaPolicy and pub
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y the conduct of monthly meetings d
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develop closer working relationship
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mechanisms among SAARC countries fo
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ients as unencumbered assistance. A
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able outcomes within individual Pac
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EuropeWestern EuropeResearch is one
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/environme
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ter. By working together with commu
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ing socio-economic considerations w
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Case: Central American countries,co
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experience of National Societies of
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Chapter4Building understanding: dev
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Building understanding: development
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International scope of informationT
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environmental changes, including el
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Regional initiativesRegional inform
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North AmericaThe Natural Hazards Re
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EuropeA different type of informati
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created a more readily understood c
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Technical information service conve
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ole in defining these future requir
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A second initiative to disseminate
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support, contribute to the establis
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issues, climatic uncertainty, chang
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anism that has been exploited to on
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preparedness are frequently attribu
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Institutional basis to transmit exp
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lic information must necessarily in
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information including links to many
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ized a workshop with the support of
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nication remains the local language
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In 2001, government officials, ADRC
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challengesFuture challenges and pri
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Chapter5A selection of disasterredu
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5Living with Risk: A global review
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Annexesa1Annex 1Terminology: Basic
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Emergency management involves the p
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Recovery (rehabilitation and recons
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Annexesa2Annex 2Directory: Internat
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Annexesa2Business and Industry Coun
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Annexesa2Comisión Nacional de Prev
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Annexesa2Disaster Management Center
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Annexesa2Experimental Climate Predi
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Annexesa2Instituto Nicaraguense de
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Annexesa2International Drought Info
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Annexesa2Musokotwane Environment Re
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Annexesa2Organization of Eastern Ca
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Annexesa2South Asian Association fo
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Annexesa2Unit for Sustainable Devel
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Annexesa3Annex 3aList of ACRONYMSAC
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Annexesa3CREDCRIDCSDCSDSCSIRCSTCSWC
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GEOGESIGFMCGHIGIEWSGISGLIDESGLO-DIS
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Annexesa3mMABMADERMANDISAMARNMATEMC
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Annexesa3SARCOFSARDCSARECSBOSCF-UKS
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Annexesa4Annex 4aBibliographyAbramo
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Annexesa4eDisaster Relief. Worldwid
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Annexesa4kKent,m lRandolph. 1987. A
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Annexesa4Thompson, C. 1993. Drought
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The International Strategy for Disa
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