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Recovery (rehabilitation and reconstruction) is anopportunity to develop and apply disaster riskreduction measures.the same perceptions of risk and their underlyingcauses.Annexesa1Relief / responseThe provision of assistance and/or interventionduring or immediately after a disaster tomeet the life preservation and basic subsistenceneeds of those people affected. It can beof an immediate, short-term, or protractedduration.Resilience / resilientThe capacity of a system, community or societyto resist or to change in order that it mayobtain an acceptable level in functioning andstructure. This is determined by the degree towhich the social system is capable of organisingitself, and the ability to increase its capacityfor learning and adaptation, including thecapacity to recover from a disaster.Retrofitting (or upgrading)Reinforcement of structures in order to bemore resistant to the forces of natural hazards.Retrofitting involves consideration of changes inthe mass, stiffness, damping, load path and ductilityand can involve radical changes such as theintroduction of energy absorbing dampers and baseisolation systems. Examples of retrofitting includesthe consideration of wind loading to strengthen andminimize the wind force, or in earthquake proneareas, the strengthening of structures by addingshear walls.RiskThe probability of harmful consequences, orexpected loss (of lives, people injured, property,livelihoods, economic activity disrupted orenvironment damaged) resulting from interactionsbetween natural or human inducedhazards and vulnerable/capable conditions.Conventionally risk is expressed by the equationRisk = Hazards x Vulnerability /Capacity.Beyond expressing a probability of physical harm,it is crucial to appreciate that risks are always createdor exist within social systems. It is importantto consider the social contexts in which risks occurand that people therefore do not necessarily shareRisk assessment/analysisA process to determine the nature and extentof risk by analysing potential hazards andevaluating existing conditions of vulnerability/capacitythat could pose a potential threator harm to people, property, livelihoods andthe environment on which they depend.The process of conducting a risk assessment is basedin a review of both technical features of hazardssuch as their location, intensity, frequency, andprobability, and also the analysis of the physical,social and economic dimensions of vulnerability,while taking particular account of the coping capabilitiespertinent to the risk scenarios.Risk reduction measuresThe development and application of policies,procedures and capacities of the society andcommunities to lessen the negative impacts ofa possible impact of natural hazards and relatedenvironmental and technological disasters.This includes structural and non structuralmeasures to avoid (prevention) or to limit(mitigation and preparedness) adverse impactof hazards, as well as the development of copingcapabilities.Risk managementThe systematic management of administrativedecisions, organisation, operational skills andresponsibilities to apply policies, strategies andpractices for disaster risk reduction.Structural measuresEngineering measures and construction ofhazard-resistant and protective structures andinfrastructureSustainable developmentDevelopment that meets the needs of thepresent without compromising the ability offuture generations to meet their own needs. Itcontains within it two key concepts: the conceptof “needs”, in particular the essentialneeds of the world’s poor, to which overridingpriority should be given; and the idea of limi-341
a1Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiativestations imposed by the state of technology andsocial organization on the environment’s abilityto meet present and the future needs.(Brundtland Commission, 1987).Sustainable development is based on socio-culturaldevelopment, political stability and decorum, economicgrowth and ecosystem protection, which allrelate to disaster risk reduction.Technological hazardsDanger originating from technological orindustrial accidents, dangerous procedures,infrastructure failures or certain human activities,which may cause the loss of life or injury,property damage, social and economic disruptionor environmental degradation.VulnerabilityA set of conditions and processes resultingfrom physical, social, economical, and environmentalfactors, which increase the susceptibilityof a community to the impact of hazards.Positive factors, that increase the ability of peopleand the society they live in, to cope effectively withhazards, that increase their resilience, or that otherwisereduce their susceptibility, are considered ascapacities.Wildland fireAny unplanned and uncontrolled fire regardlessof ignition, that may damage or benefitland of recognised value to a society.Some examples: industrial pollution, nuclearactivities and radioactivity, toxic wastes, damfailures; transport, industrial or technological accidents(explosions, fires, spills).342
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DLiving with RiskA global review of
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Bastien Affeltranger, FranceTom Alc
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IntroductionThis is a preliminary v
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“Imagine all the people…”It w
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Eruption of Mount Agung, Bali, Indo
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Living with risk - focus on disaste
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The shift towards disaster reductio
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Taking these developments into acco
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Disaster risk reduction - a sharedr
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A disaster is a function of the ris
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Disaster risk management and reduct
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Chapter2Risk awareness and assessme
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Understanding the nature of hazards
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Risk awareness and assessment2Map-
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The figure below illustrates the fo
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Trends in disaster impactWhile no c
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Trends in hazardsUntil recently, th
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Risk awareness and assessment2Nyira
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Risk awareness and assessment2ISDR
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Risk awareness and assessment2Reduc
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Risk awareness and assessment2Wildl
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Risk awareness and assessment2Prima
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Risk awareness and assessment215 la
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dering external debts that constitu
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The identification of hazards usual
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consideration about the nature of i
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Risk awareness and assessment2Bern
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Risk awareness and assessment2THE P
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Risk awareness and assessment2The R
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Risk awareness and assessment2Ecoci
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Chapter3Policy and public commitmen
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Policy and public commitment: the f
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Policy frameworks in practiceAsiaDi
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process that emphasizes the partici
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announced the creation of the Offic
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established with necessary legislat
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Key policy proposals contained in t
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Under the mandate of the CTGC, a se
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Following recommendations, the city
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underway to upgrade the Swiss Natio
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damage to introducing means that ca
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The last earthquake to devastate Ka
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• Formulating distinctive risk re
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AfricaSouthern AfricaPolicy and pub
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y the conduct of monthly meetings d
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develop closer working relationship
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mechanisms among SAARC countries fo
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ients as unencumbered assistance. A
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able outcomes within individual Pac
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EuropeWestern EuropeResearch is one
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/environme
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ter. By working together with commu
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ing socio-economic considerations w
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Case: Central American countries,co
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experience of National Societies of
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Chapter4Building understanding: dev
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Building understanding: development
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International scope of informationT
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environmental changes, including el
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Regional initiativesRegional inform
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North AmericaThe Natural Hazards Re
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EuropeA different type of informati
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created a more readily understood c
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Technical information service conve
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ole in defining these future requir
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A second initiative to disseminate
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support, contribute to the establis
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issues, climatic uncertainty, chang
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anism that has been exploited to on
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preparedness are frequently attribu
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Institutional basis to transmit exp
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lic information must necessarily in
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information including links to many
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ized a workshop with the support of
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nication remains the local language
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In 2001, government officials, ADRC
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challengesFuture challenges and pri
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Chapter5A selection of disasterredu
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5Living with Risk: A global review
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Photo: G. Berz, Munich Re
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Page 293 and 294: 6Living with Risk: A global review
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Page 340 and 341: Annexesa1Annex 1Terminology: Basic
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Page 352 and 353: Annexesa2Disaster Management Center
Page 354 and 355: Annexesa2Experimental Climate Predi
Page 356 and 357: Annexesa2Instituto Nicaraguense de
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Page 360 and 361: Annexesa2Musokotwane Environment Re
Page 362 and 363: Annexesa2Organization of Eastern Ca
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Page 368 and 369: Annexesa3Annex 3aList of ACRONYMSAC
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Page 378 and 379: Annexesa4Annex 4aBibliographyAbramo
Page 380 and 381: Annexesa4eDisaster Relief. Worldwid
Page 382 and 383: Annexesa4kKent,m lRandolph. 1987. A
Page 384 and 385: Annexesa4Thompson, C. 1993. Drought
Page 386 and 387: The International Strategy for Disa
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