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Related international commitments and the UN role in disaster risk reduction6Steps to Earth Summit 2002UN Sustainable Development Process1972 UN Conference on Human Environment(Stockholm) UNEP established1980 World Conservation Strategy (IUCN)1983 World Commission on Environmentand Development (the BrundtlandCommission) set up1989 Brundtland Report Our CommonFuture1989 Launch of the International Decade forNatural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)1992 UN Conference on Environment andDevelopment (the Earth Summit), inRio de Janeiro. UN Commission onSustainable Development (CSD) established.1997 Rio+5 Summit review (critical becauseof slow implementation)1999 End of IDNDR2000 Launch of the International Strategy forDisaster Reduction (ISDR)WSSD (Rio+10) process:2001 Defining modalities of process. National,sub regional and regional preparatorymeetings2002 Global Prep Comm. 2 (Jan., New York)Substantive review of implementation ofAgenda 21Global Prep Comm. 3 (March, NewYork)Review and finalize elements forprogramme of actionGlobal Prep Comm. 4 (May, Bali)Identificationof priority issues, programme ofKey Events1982 UNEP's first high level meeting1991 Children's Summit, New York1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change(FCCC) and Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) agreed1993 Human Rights Summit, Vienna1994 World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction"For a Safer World", YokohamaConference on Small Island Developing States,Barbados1995 Social Summit CopenhagenWomen's Summit, BeijingWorld Trade Organization (WTO) established1996 Human Settlements, Summit IstanbulFood Summit, Rome1997 Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change adopted1998 Convention on Prior Informed Consent adopted1999 IDNDR Programme Forum, Geneva2000 Millennium Summit, New YorkWorld Youth Forum, DakarBiosafety Protocol adopted2001 UNEP 21st Governing Council, CartagenaUN Third Conference on Least DevelopedCountries, BrusselsInternational Conference on Freshwater, BonnWTO negotiations, including GATTS and agriculture2002 Financing for Development, MexicoWorld Food Summit, Italy2002: World Summit on Sustainable Development defining national, regional and globalcommitments in Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002Adapted from www.earthsummit2002.org/Es2002.pdf291
6Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives292United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change (UNFCCC)The climate change convention was openedfor signature at the UN Conference on Environmentand Development in 1992. Its ultimategoal is the "stabilisation of greenhouse gasconcentrations in the atmosphere at a levelthat would prevent dangerous anthropogenicinterference with the climatic system". TheKyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997, andcompleted three years of negotiations relatingto its operational details in November 2001. Itcontains legally binding commitments fordeveloped country parties. Most OECDcountries agreed to decrease their anthropogenicgreenhouse gas emissions by at least5 per cent below 1990 levels in the firstcommitment period from 2008-2012. Manycountries with high emission rates have notyet ratified the Kyoto Protocol, the mostevident being the United States. The Protocolis not yet in force.Time is ripe for forging the links between climatechange adaptation and disaster reduction.Since the convention's entry into force, partieshave met annually in the Conference of the Parties(COP) to monitor its implementation andcontinue talks on how best to tackle climatechange. The decisions taken by the COP atannual sessions now make up a detailed rulebook for the effective implementation of theconvention. The landmark Marrakesh Accordsadopted at the seventh session of the COP inMarrakesh, in October/November 2001, wereespecially important in elaborating the convention'srules on issues of particular concern todeveloping countries.Industrialised countries, who have historicallycontributed most to climate change, arerequested by the convention to submit regularreports, known as national communications,detailing their climate change policies andmeasures. These countries are termed Annex1 Parties of which there are currently 41.All remaining countries, mostly developingcountries, make up the group of non-Annex IParties, currently numbering 145. Thesecountries are invited to provide nationalcommunications in more general terms ontheir actions to address climate change andmeasures taken to adapt to its effect, as well ason their needs to implement the convention.Much of the information requested from Partiesto the Convention will be of use for disasterreduction strategies (for example, informationon policy frameworks for implementing adaptationmeasures and response strategies in thecontext of disaster preparedness, with a view tointegrating climate change impact informationinto national planning processes).Specific needs and concerns with regard tofinancial assistance and technology transfer,along with support for capacity building ofparticularly vulnerable developing countriesare taken into account under the climateregime. Some developing countries, such aslow-lying island nations or those with areasprone to natural disasters, face high risks fromthe adverse effects of climate change itself,while others, such as oil exporting states, feelmore threatened by the potential economicrepercussions of response measures.The protocol requests Parties to minimize theadverse effects of their climate change policiesand measures, including social, environmentaland economic impacts on other Parties.Climate change legislation and financial meansat the disposal of the poorest countriespursuant to the provisions of the UNFCCCwill bring additional benefits to cope withclimate-related disasters, which constitute twothirdsof all disasters.The 2001 Marrakesh Accords took some importantsteps forward on vulnerability and adaptation,especially decisions on the adverse effectsof climate change including response toclimate related hazards. Two new conventionfunds, to be managed by the GEF, were alsoestablished, plus one operating under theKyoto Protocol.The scope of activities eligible for fundingunder the convention was extended, notably inthe area of adaptation to climate change andcapacity building. These include the integrationof climate change considerations insustainable development planning, systematicobservation and monitoring networks andearly warning for extreme weather events anddisease outbreaks.
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DLiving with RiskA global review of
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Bastien Affeltranger, FranceTom Alc
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IntroductionThis is a preliminary v
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“Imagine all the people…”It w
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Eruption of Mount Agung, Bali, Indo
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Living with risk - focus on disaste
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The shift towards disaster reductio
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Taking these developments into acco
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Disaster risk reduction - a sharedr
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A disaster is a function of the ris
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Disaster risk management and reduct
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Chapter2Risk awareness and assessme
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Understanding the nature of hazards
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Risk awareness and assessment2Map-
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The figure below illustrates the fo
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Trends in disaster impactWhile no c
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Trends in hazardsUntil recently, th
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Risk awareness and assessment2Nyira
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Risk awareness and assessment2ISDR
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Risk awareness and assessment2Reduc
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Risk awareness and assessment2Wildl
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Risk awareness and assessment2Prima
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Risk awareness and assessment215 la
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dering external debts that constitu
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The identification of hazards usual
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consideration about the nature of i
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Risk awareness and assessment2Bern
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Risk awareness and assessment2THE P
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Risk awareness and assessment2The R
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Risk awareness and assessment2Ecoci
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Chapter3Policy and public commitmen
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Policy and public commitment: the f
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Policy frameworks in practiceAsiaDi
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process that emphasizes the partici
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announced the creation of the Offic
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established with necessary legislat
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Key policy proposals contained in t
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Under the mandate of the CTGC, a se
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Following recommendations, the city
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underway to upgrade the Swiss Natio
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damage to introducing means that ca
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The last earthquake to devastate Ka
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• Formulating distinctive risk re
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AfricaSouthern AfricaPolicy and pub
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y the conduct of monthly meetings d
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develop closer working relationship
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mechanisms among SAARC countries fo
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ients as unencumbered assistance. A
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able outcomes within individual Pac
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EuropeWestern EuropeResearch is one
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/environme
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ter. By working together with commu
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ing socio-economic considerations w
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Case: Central American countries,co
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experience of National Societies of
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Chapter4Building understanding: dev
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Building understanding: development
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International scope of informationT
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environmental changes, including el
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Regional initiativesRegional inform
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North AmericaThe Natural Hazards Re
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EuropeA different type of informati
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created a more readily understood c
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Technical information service conve
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ole in defining these future requir
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A second initiative to disseminate
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support, contribute to the establis
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issues, climatic uncertainty, chang
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anism that has been exploited to on
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preparedness are frequently attribu
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Institutional basis to transmit exp
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lic information must necessarily in
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information including links to many
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ized a workshop with the support of
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nication remains the local language
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In 2001, government officials, ADRC
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challengesFuture challenges and pri
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Chapter5A selection of disasterredu
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5Living with Risk: A global review
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Page 243 and 244: 5Living with Risk: A global review
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Page 340 and 341: Annexesa1Annex 1Terminology: Basic
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Recovery (rehabilitation and recons
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Annexesa2Annex 2Directory: Internat
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Annexesa2Business and Industry Coun
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Annexesa2Comisión Nacional de Prev
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Annexesa2Disaster Management Center
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Annexesa2Experimental Climate Predi
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Annexesa2Instituto Nicaraguense de
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Annexesa2International Drought Info
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Annexesa2Musokotwane Environment Re
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Annexesa2Organization of Eastern Ca
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Annexesa2South Asian Association fo
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Annexesa2Unit for Sustainable Devel
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Annexesa3Annex 3aList of ACRONYMSAC
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Annexesa3CREDCRIDCSDCSDSCSIRCSTCSWC
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GEOGESIGFMCGHIGIEWSGISGLIDESGLO-DIS
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Annexesa3mMABMADERMANDISAMARNMATEMC
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Annexesa3SARCOFSARDCSARECSBOSCF-UKS
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Annexesa4Annex 4aBibliographyAbramo
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Annexesa4eDisaster Relief. Worldwid
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Annexesa4kKent,m lRandolph. 1987. A
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Annexesa4Thompson, C. 1993. Drought
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The International Strategy for Disa
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