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Selected application of disaster reduction measures55.5.- Financial and economic toolsIn view of the exorbitant economic and social costs of recurring disasters, development assistanceand financial tools and instruments for risk-sharing and risk-transfer are important for theapplication of measures for disaster risk reduction. The increasing involvement of internationaldevelopment banks and agencies in this area supports the strengthening of national and corporatecommitment to engage in risk and vulnerability reduction. Insurance and reinsurance areessential instruments for recovering losses and supporting post-disaster recovery. Insuranceschemes need to be complemented by other low-cost risk sharing mechanisms in poorer communities,such as kinship networks, microfinance and public works programmes to increase copingcapacities. Additional tools and financial incentives are necessary to promote proactive disasterrisk reduction investment. It is also important that all development projects include a criticalconsideration of disaster risks and vulnerability, and the policies and programs meant for reducingdisasters risks are included in poverty reduction programs.The first part of this section shows how some of the international development banks havealready adopted policies and instruments to include risk reduction in their normal lending operations.In the subsequent part, a brief overview of specific financial instruments, such as insurance,microfinance and public works programmes , has been provided.Development banks promotinginvestment in disaster risk reductionThe World Bank and regional developmentbanks have emerged as one of the main sourcesof funding for recovery and reconstruction followinga major disaster. A large number ofgovernments in the developing world findthemselves fiscally constrained to reallocatetheir resources for emergent needs following alarge-scale disaster and turn to these financialinstitutions for immediate assistance. All thesebanks have therefore developed a sizeable portfolioof post-disaster recovery and reconstructionprograms over a number of years. TheWorld Bank has provided US$14 billion in thelast two decades for post-disaster recovery andreconstruction. These institutions throughtheir large-scale lending are also in a strongersituation to support sustainable disaster riskreduction strategies. In the last few years, thesefinancial institutions have come to recognizethe strategic importance of these projects forimplementing disaster preparedness, mitigationand emergency response programs.Latin America and the CaribbeanWhile work related to the economic and financialaspects of disaster reduction is proceedingat different paces reflecting different levels ofinterest throughout the world, Latin Americanand Caribbean countries have taken the lead.Disaster vulnerability and economic developmenthave been encouraged by influentialregional institutions such as the UN EconomicCommission for Latin America and the Caribbean(ECLAC), the Central American Bank for EconomicIntegration (CABEI), the CaribbeanDevelopment Bank (CDB), the Andean DevelopmentCorporation (CAF) and the Inter-AmericanDevelopment Bank (IADB) as well as by theWorld Bank’s Disaster Management Facility(DMF). These organizations have recognisedthe value of disaster reduction measures inreducing and alleviating serious economic disruptionsand thus in determining a country’spath towards economic growth.IADB is a very active lending institution in thefield of disaster reduction with well-definedpolicies and activities, while other regional andinternational banks are still less focused in thisarea. IADB strategies to incorporate disasterreduction in development are outlined in Facingthe Challenge of Natural Disasters in Latin Americaand the Caribbean: An IADB Action Plan(March 2000).253
5Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiativesThe following table summarises the plan of action and activities that IADB is implementing to fulfil its plan.Instrument/activityPlan of actionExample/descriptionNational systems for disaster prevention and response:Building national legal and regulatory frameworks and programmes that bring together planningagencies, local governments and civil society organizations. Developing national strategies for riskreduction, and assessing intersectoral priorities, backed by separate budgets.Building prevention into the culture: Developing and disseminating risk information and empoweringcitizens and other stakeholders to take risk reduction measures.Reducing the vulnerability of the poor: Supporting poor households and communities in reducing theirvulnerability to natural hazards and recovering from disasters through reconstruction assistance.Involving the private sector: Creating conditions for the development of insurance markets. Encouragingthe use of other risk-spreading financial instruments, and designing economic and regulatoryincentives for risk reduction behaviour.Risk information for decision-making: Evaluating existing risk assessment methodologies. Developingindicators of vulnerability and stimulating wide dissemination of risk information.Fostering leadership and cooperation in the region: Stimulating coordinated actions to mobilise regionalresources for investments in risk mitigation.Sector facility fordisaster prevention(March 2001)Regular loansTechnical cooperationprojectsStudies/papersDisaster focalpoints and trainingRegional policydialogueCooperation withother agenciesPuebla-PanamaPlanStrengthen disaster prevention and risk management systems through vulnerability reduction andimproved preparedness to natural disasters. Help countries meet risk reduction objectives for developmentthrough consensus building on intersectoral priorities, strengthened institutions and launch oflarger scale national programmes. The Dominican Republic and Bolivia are the first countries to benefitfrom the first operations.Finance prevention and mitigation measures, such as through watershed management programmes,urban development projects and social development programmes, especially in hurricane or El Niñopronecountries.Improvement of decision making in risk management (pilot countries are Barbados, Chile, Guatemalaand Mexico). Development of vulnerability assessment methodology and measure performance ofmanagement tools for vulnerability reduction. Study of socio-economic impacts of El Niño. Sharingexperience on climate change and severe weather events in Asia and the Caribbean.Study of financial market aspects of natural catastrophes, viability of new insurance, capital marketand risk management techniques in the global and regional financial markets that may help mitigatethe negative economic effects of natural disasters. A document exploring the variety of financialinstruments and techniques that could be incorporated into the overall IADB strategy for managingrisks associated with natural disasters is awaiting publication.Identified at headquarters and in offices of borrowing countries. Disaster risk management trainingprovided to staff, special briefings for executive directors on instruments for disaster risk mitigation.Established a natural disaster network.First phase of a study on national systems and institutionalmechanisms for the comprehensive management of disaster risk completed. Second phase will concentrateon Bolivia, Colombia, the Dominican Republic and El Salvador.Organization of American States (OAS) Working Group on Financing Within the Inter-American Committeeon Natural Disaster Reduction. Continuous work with ECLAC, ADC, CEPREDENAC, theCaribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency (CDERA), ISDR, UNDP, the WMO and other UNagencies.Develop efficient insurance markets and improve public and private-sector access to insurance andother financial risk transfer instruments.
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DLiving with RiskA global review of
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Bastien Affeltranger, FranceTom Alc
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IntroductionThis is a preliminary v
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“Imagine all the people…”It w
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Eruption of Mount Agung, Bali, Indo
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Living with risk - focus on disaste
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The shift towards disaster reductio
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Taking these developments into acco
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Disaster risk reduction - a sharedr
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A disaster is a function of the ris
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Disaster risk management and reduct
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Chapter2Risk awareness and assessme
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Understanding the nature of hazards
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Risk awareness and assessment2Map-
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The figure below illustrates the fo
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Trends in disaster impactWhile no c
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Trends in hazardsUntil recently, th
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Risk awareness and assessment2Nyira
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Risk awareness and assessment2ISDR
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Risk awareness and assessment2Reduc
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Risk awareness and assessment2Prima
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Risk awareness and assessment215 la
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dering external debts that constitu
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The identification of hazards usual
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consideration about the nature of i
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Chapter3Policy and public commitmen
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Policy and public commitment: the f
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Policy frameworks in practiceAsiaDi
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process that emphasizes the partici
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announced the creation of the Offic
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established with necessary legislat
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Key policy proposals contained in t
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Under the mandate of the CTGC, a se
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Following recommendations, the city
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underway to upgrade the Swiss Natio
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damage to introducing means that ca
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• Formulating distinctive risk re
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AfricaSouthern AfricaPolicy and pub
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y the conduct of monthly meetings d
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develop closer working relationship
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mechanisms among SAARC countries fo
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ients as unencumbered assistance. A
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able outcomes within individual Pac
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EuropeWestern EuropeResearch is one
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/environme
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ter. By working together with commu
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Case: Central American countries,co
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experience of National Societies of
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Chapter4Building understanding: dev
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Building understanding: development
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International scope of informationT
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environmental changes, including el
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Regional initiativesRegional inform
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North AmericaThe Natural Hazards Re
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EuropeA different type of informati
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created a more readily understood c
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Technical information service conve
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ole in defining these future requir
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A second initiative to disseminate
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support, contribute to the establis
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issues, climatic uncertainty, chang
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anism that has been exploited to on
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preparedness are frequently attribu
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Institutional basis to transmit exp
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lic information must necessarily in
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information including links to many
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ized a workshop with the support of
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nication remains the local language
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In 2001, government officials, ADRC
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challengesFuture challenges and pri
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Annexesa1Annex 1Terminology: Basic
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Emergency management involves the p
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Recovery (rehabilitation and recons
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Annexesa2Annex 2Directory: Internat
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Annexesa2Business and Industry Coun
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Annexesa2Comisión Nacional de Prev
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Annexesa2Disaster Management Center
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Annexesa2Experimental Climate Predi
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Annexesa2Instituto Nicaraguense de
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Annexesa2International Drought Info
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Annexesa2Musokotwane Environment Re
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Annexesa2Organization of Eastern Ca
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Annexesa2South Asian Association fo
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Annexesa2Unit for Sustainable Devel
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Annexesa3Annex 3aList of ACRONYMSAC
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Annexesa3CREDCRIDCSDCSDSCSIRCSTCSWC
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GEOGESIGFMCGHIGIEWSGISGLIDESGLO-DIS
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Annexesa3mMABMADERMANDISAMARNMATEMC
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Annexesa3SARCOFSARDCSARECSBOSCF-UKS
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Annexesa4Annex 4aBibliographyAbramo
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Annexesa4eDisaster Relief. Worldwid
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Annexesa4kKent,m lRandolph. 1987. A
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Annexesa4Thompson, C. 1993. Drought
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The International Strategy for Disa
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