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established with necessary legislation in orderto introduce elements of prevention with thevarious sectoral initiatives. In this regard, thework of prevention may be considered as complementaryto the objectives of sustainabledevelopment.Policy and public commitment: the foundation of disaster risk reductionThe government has recently been pressingahead with several national programmes aimedat incorporating prevention into the managementof development activities, such as the Programmefor Risk Prevention and Reductionfinanced by UNDP and the World Bank.Another programme financed by the GermanAgency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) isthe Local Risk Management Programme. Inhousing, the National Housing Subsidy Programme,financed by employer contributions,includes a Prevention and Risk Mitigation Sub-Programme. The Ministry of Agriculture, livestockand rural development is implementing aNational Food Security Monitoring and Early WarningSystem, which will be responsible for monitoringthe impact of natural disasters on agriculturalproduction. UNESCO, working jointly withthis ministry, is also progressing in its support fora programme linking developmental issues andthe risk issues associated with the El Niño phenomenon.Risk management has also been introduced in aguide to adapting municipal development plans,which is to be implemented in 30 pilot municipalities.These will ensure that municipal plansfor risk prevention and mitigation will be in linewith national and sectoral policies. Manuals arebeing prepared on how to draw up municipalplans for risk prevention and mitigation in relationto town and country planning, human settlementsand environmental management.3Institutional FrameworkHigh-level programmes forpromoting preventionPrevention plansPrevention in developmentplans and control mechanismsBoliviaA national policy for prevention andrisk management was established in1999. Official statements on preventionat national level are ad hoc andrelate mainly to prevention programmesduring rainy periods orassociated with health and agriculturalcampaigns. With reference tothe PREANDINO, the Ministerof Sustainable Development andplanning (MDSP) has announcedthe government's commitment toformulate policies and strategies thatincorporate prevention into theplanning system through the nationalplan for prevention and risk mitigation.Formal decisions: The MDSP hasbeen made legally responsible forthe development of prevention policies.Some ministries such as housinghave incorporated this policy insome of their normal activities.The government has recentlyadvanced several national programmesto incorporate preventioninto development practices, such asthe Programme for Risk Preventionand Reduction financed by UNDPand the World Bank. Another programme,financed by GTZ, is theLocal Risk Management Programme.In housing, the NationalHousing Subsidy Programme,financed with 2 per cent of employercontributions, includes the Preventionand Risk Mitigation Sub-Programme.The Ministry of Agriculture,Livestock and Rural Developmentis implementing the NationalFood Security Monitoring and EarlyWarning System, which is responsiblefor monitoring the impact of naturaldisasters on agricultural production.PREANDINO promotes thecoordination of all initiatives, forwhich it is supposed to establishframes of reference through thenational plan, by identifying policies,programmes and projects of nationalinterest and defining policies toframe national measures.UNESCO, jointly with the MDSP,is supporting a programme in connectionwith the El Niño phenomenon.There are plans in thehealth and agricultural sectorsbut they are focussedmainly on relief. In thehealth sector, there is a preparednessand responseplan and in agriculture, theministry has drawn up anagricultural emergencyplan. National and sectoralplans initiated within thecontext of PREANDINOare being prepared. Therehas not yet been anyprogress with land useplans.Proposals for prevention havenot yet been incorporated in thedevelopment plans because theyhave been formulated onlyrecently. Some sectoral measures,as in agriculture, includeproposals for reducing vulnerability.They have not, however,been integrated into plans fordevelopment. Guidelines arebeing prepared to incorporateprevention into local plans.93
3Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiativesInstitutional FrameworkHigh-level programmes forpromoting preventionPrevention plansPrevention in developmentplans and control mechanismsColombiaThere has been a national policy onprevention and risk management since1989, encompassed in PresidentialDirective No. 33 of 1990 and Educationand Health Ministry Orders No.13 of 1992 and No. 1 of 1993.Formal decisions: The National Planfor Disaster Prevention and Managementwas established in Decree 919 of1989 and Decree 93 of 1998. Thepresent government's national developmentplan includes a chapter onprevention and risk mitigation. Theprevention decision is a state decision.The policy is maintained even thoughnational governments change.Until very recently there was nocommitment at high political levelsto promote the preparation ofdepartmental and municipal disasterprevention and managementplans. Presently, in the context ofPREANDINO, there is considerablecommitment by theNational Planning Departmentand some deputy ministers. Thisis reflected in the National Economicand Social Policy Counciland in plans which will providefor a national effort to considerprevention in development plansand actions. In higher education,risk management issues are beingpromoted as an element of thebasic syllabus.There are specific plans,such as the plan for theEl Niño phenomenonand specific contingencyplans. Little attention isgiven to undertakingplanning exercises duringperiods of no apparentthreat. Plans are moretypically considered innew situations when aphenomenon is imminent.Prevention has not been incorporatedin the sectoral plans orin the National DevelopmentPlan. Within individual sectors,energy and health haveshown progress, in the lattercase, mainly at decentralizedlevels. Most departments andcapital cities included the subjectin the government plansduring changes of administrationin 2001. Many referencesare, however, strictly rhetoricaldeclarations. Presently withinthe PREANDINO, all theinstitutions are working onpreparations for a NationalEconomic and Social PolicyCouncil, with specific preventionproposals being consideredin each development area.EcuadorIn recent years, official statementshave been made showing the government'scommitment to furthering preventionand risk management policies,mainly at vice-presidential and somedecentralized levels, in connectionwith the problems of disasters. Withinthat framework, the national governmenthas decided to strengthen theprocess of incorporating prevention indevelopment through the participationof both national and sectoral workinggroups, no formal decision yet.There has been no official promotionof prevention programmes.However, there is support forhigh-level initiatives promoted byinternational organizations.Formally, there are noprevention plans. Nationaland sectoral risk preventionplans are underway..The President's PlanningOffice has integrated preventionissues into the nationalplanning system. Although theNational Plan was drawn upprior to these efforts, its incorporationis being promoted forinclusion in the plans of decentralizedjurisdictions. Thisincludes terms of reference forprovincial development plans,which already include risk preventionaspects in the strategicplanning process. However,plans are yet to be finalized.PeruThere have been no official statementson prevention during the past decade.Only prior to the 1997-98 El Niñoepisode were a few statements issuedabout actions taken to prevent damage.Currently, the subject has notbeen mentioned in official speeches,nor has it been mentioned in connectionwith the environment.Formal decisions: There are no formaldecisions on prevention. However, thelaunching of the PREANDINO pro-The Executive Committee for ElNiño Reconstruction launched anUrban Mitigation Study Programme.Although lacking inlegal endorsement, fifteen citieswere studied with UNDPsupport until February 2001.PREANDINO promotes theincorporation of prevention innational and sectoral developmentplanning.There are no preventionplans. PREANDINOcommittees are preparingdiagnostics for sectoralplans. There has been littleprogress with theNational PreventionPlan, due to politicalchanges.There have been some verylimited attempts to incorporateprevention issues within specificsectors. An institutionallimitation is the country's lackof national planning bodies,although other channels havebeen identified through the publicinvestment structures workingwith individual projects.There are local experiments inplanning and the development ofprojects, for example, in the94
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DLiving with RiskA global review of
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Bastien Affeltranger, FranceTom Alc
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IntroductionThis is a preliminary v
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“Imagine all the people…”It w
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Eruption of Mount Agung, Bali, Indo
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Living with risk - focus on disaste
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The shift towards disaster reductio
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Taking these developments into acco
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Disaster risk reduction - a sharedr
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A disaster is a function of the ris
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Disaster risk management and reduct
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Chapter2Risk awareness and assessme
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Policy and public commitment: the f
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ter. By working together with commu
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ing socio-economic considerations w
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Case: Central American countries,co
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experience of National Societies of
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Chapter4Building understanding: dev
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Building understanding: development
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International scope of informationT
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environmental changes, including el
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Regional initiativesRegional inform
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North AmericaThe Natural Hazards Re
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EuropeA different type of informati
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created a more readily understood c
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Technical information service conve
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ole in defining these future requir
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A second initiative to disseminate
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support, contribute to the establis
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issues, climatic uncertainty, chang
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anism that has been exploited to on
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preparedness are frequently attribu
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Institutional basis to transmit exp
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lic information must necessarily in
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information including links to many
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ized a workshop with the support of
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nication remains the local language
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In 2001, government officials, ADRC
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challengesFuture challenges and pri
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Chapter5A selection of disasterredu
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5Living with Risk: A global review
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Annexesa1Annex 1Terminology: Basic
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Emergency management involves the p
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Recovery (rehabilitation and recons
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Annexesa2Annex 2Directory: Internat
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Annexesa2Business and Industry Coun
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Annexesa2Comisión Nacional de Prev
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Annexesa2Disaster Management Center
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Annexesa2Experimental Climate Predi
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Annexesa2Instituto Nicaraguense de
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Annexesa2International Drought Info
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Annexesa2Musokotwane Environment Re
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Annexesa2Organization of Eastern Ca
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Annexesa2South Asian Association fo
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Annexesa2Unit for Sustainable Devel
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Annexesa3Annex 3aList of ACRONYMSAC
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Annexesa3CREDCRIDCSDCSDSCSIRCSTCSWC
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GEOGESIGFMCGHIGIEWSGISGLIDESGLO-DIS
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Annexesa3mMABMADERMANDISAMARNMATEMC
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Annexesa3SARCOFSARDCSARECSBOSCF-UKS
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Annexesa4Annex 4aBibliographyAbramo
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Annexesa4eDisaster Relief. Worldwid
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Annexesa4kKent,m lRandolph. 1987. A
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Annexesa4Thompson, C. 1993. Drought
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The International Strategy for Disa
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