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World Health Organization (WHO)WHO is the United Nations specializedagency with responsibility for health. WHO isa decentralized organization with about 150country offices worldwide and six regionaloffices in Africa, the Americas, the EasternMediterranean region, Europe, South-EastAsia and the Western Pacific. Its headquartersare based in Geneva, Switzerland. The purposeof WHO presence at country level is to assistmember States to achieve sustainable nationalhealth policy goals and to draw on the experienceof individual countries to build publichealth knowledge that benefits the rest of theworld. WHO has been a member of the ISDRTask Force for Disaster Reduction since 2002.WHO works at country, regional and globallevels for disaster mitigation, emergencypreparedness and response, as well as for advocacyfor health and humanitarian action. Failureon the part of the health sector to be institutionallyprepared is particularly costly, notonly in terms of lives lost, but also technicallyand politically. WHO aims to achieve a reductionof avoidable death and illness that resultfrom any type of natural or man-made disasterand to ensure that member States and theinternational community are equipped toprevent disasters and mitigate their healthconsequences, in synergy between relief andsustainable development. WHO applies theepidemiological method and the public healthmodel to emergency management and disasterreduction. Risk reduction, preparedness andresponse against epidemics are responsibilitiesof WHO.More specifically, WHO focuses on strengtheninghealth systems for preparedness andresponse against all types of disaster. Trainingis provided to Ministries of Health and theirstaff in preparedness and response, as well asfor the development of emergency contingencyplans. WHO distributes guidelines, publicationsand audio-visual material on applyingbest public health practices in preparing forand assessing the impact of disasters. TheWHO early health assessment and healthintelligence web site provides situational informationincluding baseline statistics, health situationreports and epidemiological surveillancedata.Related international commitments and the UN role in disaster risk reductionThe health sector does not exist in isolation andmust cooperate with other groups involved inthe overall framework for emergencypreparedness and establish priorities in accordancewith the overall disaster response plan.WHO has several collaborating centresaround the world, whose work is related todisaster reduction, including the Centre forResearch on the Epidemiology of Disasters(CRED), School of Public Health at theUniversity of Louvain in Brussels. In LatinAmerica and the Caribbean, there is the Schoolof Public Health at the University of Antioquia,Colombia, for higher education in disastermanagement issues and the Faculty ofEngineering of the University of Chile fordisaster mitigation in hospitals and health services.WHOGeneva, SwitzerlandTel: (+41-22) 791 2750Fax: (+41-22) 791 4844E-mail: lorettia@who.intWeb site: www.who.int/disastersThe WHO Regional Office for the Americas,the Pan-American Health Organization(PAHO), is the most active WHO office inthe area of disaster reduction. PAHO is alsopart of the inter-American system and theoffice has been active in reducing the impact ofnatural and other related environmental andtechnological disasters in the Americas and theCaribbean since the mid-seventies. PAHOwas a close collaborator and contributor toIDNDR in Latin America and the Caribbean.The PAHO disaster preparedness programmehas three subregional offices (Barbados, CostaRica and Quito). PAHO contributes to institutionalstrengthening by supporting thecreation and enhancement of disasterprogrammes in the Ministries of Health in allcountries of the region and promotes coordinationwith other sectors involved in disasterreduction. It organizes workshops on allaspects of disaster management for the benefitof professionals dealing with disaster reduction.In addition, PAHO encourages universitiesthroughout the region to incorporatedisaster management in their formal curriculum.The preparation and distribution of trainingmaterials have been a cornerstone of theprogramme. Over the last two decades this6315
6Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiativeseffort has produced a considerable body oftechnical material (publications, slides andvideo programmes). Print copies are distributedfree of charge to institutions dealing withdisaster mitigation in member countries andelectronic copies are also made available on theInternet for worldwide access. PAHO worksat the highest level in member countries toensure that disaster mitigation becomes anintegral part of national disaster reductionprogrammes. Special programmes to developtechnical guidelines and political support tovulnerability assessments and disaster mitigationfor water systems and health services havebeen developed over the last decade.PAHO has a letter of understanding with theISDR Secretariat, in which both parties haveagreed on a number of measures to strengthencooperation in priority areas for the region,such as the publication of studies, joint lessonslearnedexercises and the strengthening of theRegional Disaster Information Centre(CRID), a regional multi-organization consortiumformed by the Coordinating Centre forthe Prevention of Natural Disasters in CentralAmerica (CEPREDENAC), Costa Rica's :National Risk Prevention and EmergencyResponse Commission (CNE), the InternationalFederation of Red Cross and Red CrescentSocieties (IFRC), ISDR, Médecins sansfrontières (MSF) and PAHO/WHO.PAHO, in collaboration with ISDR, is workingon the implementation of a developmentplan for CRID in San José, Costa Rica. ISDRand PAHO have also agreed to increase accessto disaster information, exchange and networkingamong countries and organizations in theregion, through the joint support of CRID andnational and subregional disaster informationnetworks, including the Caribbean DisasterInformation Network.PAHOWashington, D.C., United StatesTel: (+1-202) 974 3434Fax: (+1-202) 974 3663E-mail: poncelej@paho.orgWeb site: www.paho.org/disasterswww.disaster.netWorld Meteorological Organization(WMO)Based in Geneva, Switzerland, WMO coordinatesglobal scientific activity to allow increasinglyprompt and accurate weather informationand other services for public, private andcommercial use. WMO activities contribute tothe safety of life and property, the socioeconomicdevelopment of nations and theprotection of the environment.WMO participated actively in the implementationof IDNDR and is now a member of theISDR Inter-Agency Task Force for DisasterReduction. It supports the work of its workinggroups, in particular those on Climate andDisaster Reduction (for which it has leadresponsibility), on Early Warning and onVulnerability and Risk Assessment. TheWMO constituent bodies, including theCongress and the Executive Council, followand provide guidance on the policy, scientificand technical aspects of the implementation ofISDR objectives at the regional and globallevels.As nearly three-quarters of all natural disastersare related to weather and climate, WMO hasa number of scientific and technicalprogrammes related to the mitigation of naturaldisasters supported by the participation ofNational Meteorological and HydrologicalServices (NMHSs) and a number of RegionalSpecialized Meteorological Centres (RSMCs)worldwide. The WMO World Weather Watch(WWW) programme coordinates the preparationand distribution of weather, climate andhydrological data, analyses and forecast productsto all nations. The WMO TropicalCyclone Programme promotes the establishmentof national and regionally coordinatedsystems to ensure effective preparedness so thatthe loss of life and damage caused by tropicalcyclones and associated phenomena arereduced to a minimum. The WMO PublicWeather Services (PWS) programme supportsNMHSs in disaster reduction planning byproviding a variety of routine forecasts andinformation to enhance the social and economicwell-being of nations. The World ClimateProgramme (WCP) provides an authoritative316
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DLiving with RiskA global review of
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Bastien Affeltranger, FranceTom Alc
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IntroductionThis is a preliminary v
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“Imagine all the people…”It w
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Eruption of Mount Agung, Bali, Indo
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Living with risk - focus on disaste
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The shift towards disaster reductio
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Taking these developments into acco
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Disaster risk reduction - a sharedr
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A disaster is a function of the ris
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Disaster risk management and reduct
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Chapter2Risk awareness and assessme
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Understanding the nature of hazards
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Risk awareness and assessment2Map-
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The figure below illustrates the fo
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Trends in disaster impactWhile no c
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Trends in hazardsUntil recently, th
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Risk awareness and assessment2Nyira
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Risk awareness and assessment2ISDR
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Risk awareness and assessment2Reduc
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Risk awareness and assessment2Wildl
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Risk awareness and assessment2Prima
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Risk awareness and assessment215 la
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dering external debts that constitu
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The identification of hazards usual
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consideration about the nature of i
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Risk awareness and assessment2Bern
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Risk awareness and assessment2THE P
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Risk awareness and assessment2The R
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Risk awareness and assessment2Ecoci
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Chapter3Policy and public commitmen
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Policy and public commitment: the f
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Policy frameworks in practiceAsiaDi
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process that emphasizes the partici
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announced the creation of the Offic
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established with necessary legislat
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Key policy proposals contained in t
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Under the mandate of the CTGC, a se
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Following recommendations, the city
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underway to upgrade the Swiss Natio
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damage to introducing means that ca
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The last earthquake to devastate Ka
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• Formulating distinctive risk re
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AfricaSouthern AfricaPolicy and pub
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y the conduct of monthly meetings d
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develop closer working relationship
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mechanisms among SAARC countries fo
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ients as unencumbered assistance. A
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able outcomes within individual Pac
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EuropeWestern EuropeResearch is one
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/environme
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ter. By working together with commu
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ing socio-economic considerations w
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Case: Central American countries,co
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experience of National Societies of
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Chapter4Building understanding: dev
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Building understanding: development
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International scope of informationT
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environmental changes, including el
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Regional initiativesRegional inform
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North AmericaThe Natural Hazards Re
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EuropeA different type of informati
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created a more readily understood c
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Technical information service conve
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ole in defining these future requir
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A second initiative to disseminate
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support, contribute to the establis
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issues, climatic uncertainty, chang
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anism that has been exploited to on
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preparedness are frequently attribu
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Institutional basis to transmit exp
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lic information must necessarily in
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information including links to many
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ized a workshop with the support of
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nication remains the local language
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In 2001, government officials, ADRC
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challengesFuture challenges and pri
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Chapter5A selection of disasterredu
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5Living with Risk: A global review
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Page 267 and 268: 5Living with Risk: A global review
Page 289 and 290: Photo: G. Berz, Munich Re
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Page 340 and 341: Annexesa1Annex 1Terminology: Basic
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Annexesa3Annex 3aList of ACRONYMSAC
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Annexesa3CREDCRIDCSDCSDSCSIRCSTCSWC
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GEOGESIGFMCGHIGIEWSGISGLIDESGLO-DIS
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Annexesa3mMABMADERMANDISAMARNMATEMC
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Annexesa3SARCOFSARDCSARECSBOSCF-UKS
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Annexesa4Annex 4aBibliographyAbramo
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Annexesa4eDisaster Relief. Worldwid
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Annexesa4kKent,m lRandolph. 1987. A
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Annexesa4Thompson, C. 1993. Drought
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The International Strategy for Disa
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