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ment. Therefore organizational frameworks inplace for environmental issues can be expandedto serve the needs of disaster risk reductionas part of sustainable development planning.Many public agencies are experiencing cutbacks.Therefore, asking environmental agenciesto integrate environmental considerationsin other policy domains would save resources.This will require linking work in science, policy,environment and vulnerability reduction.Implementation of sustainable hazard reductionmeasures will need an appropriate macroplanning organizational framework organizationalframework establishing the critical linkbetween policy objectives and field performance.Multi-stakeholder processes (MSP) are one of therecent innovations to promote dialogue toachieve sustainable development. This dialoguemodel was initiated in 1998 by the UNCommission on Sustainable Development (CSD)and has since been adopted by other internationalforums. MSPs aim at bringing togetherall major stakeholders (non-state and governmentactors) in a new form of communication,decision finding (and possibly decision-making)on a particular issue.MSP are based on equity and accountability incommunication and representation betweenstakeholders. They are also based on principlesof transparency and participation, and aim todevelop partnerships and strengthen networksbetween stakeholders. MSP cover a wide spectrumof structures and levels of engagement.They are suitable for those situations wheredialogue is possible, where listening, reconcilinginterests, and integrating views into jointsolution strategies seems appropriate and withinreach. Each situation, issue or problemprompts the need for participants to design aprocess specifically suited to their abilities, circumstances,and needs. MSPs have emergedbecause there is a perceived need for a moreinclusive, effective manner for addressingurgent sustainability issues.During the preparations of the World Summitfor Sustainable Development (WSSD), stakeholdershave come together to work out how todo their part to implement the sustainabledevelopment agenda. Major inputs to the discussionon disaster reduction and sustainableA selection of disaster reduction applicationsdevelopment that fed into one of the ISDRbackground papers was drafted through multistakeholderelectronic forums. The addedvalue of a multi-stakeholder approach, namelyincreased quality, credibility and outreach,ensures an increased sense of ownership andcommitment for collaborative actions plans.Search conferences are also participativeprocesses that raise commitment for action andare applicable to collectively design disasterreduction plans.Environmental impact assessmentsLegislative and regulatory frameworks forEnvironmental Impact Assessments (EIA) alreadyexist and require strong institutional support,the commitment of governments, aid agenciesand civil society, as well as a monitoringprocesses.Risk reduction considerations could be furtherThe Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a policy makingtool that serves to provide evidence and analysis of environmentalimpacts of activities from conception to decision-making.An EIA must include a detailed risk assessment and providealternatives solutions. It must be thorough and well documentedand must provide the public an opportunity to participatein accordance with the law. The EIA report usuallyprovides a detailed and rigorous analysis on which the authoritycan decide whether to approve a proposal and under whichterms and conditions. Once a particular project is selected, itis monitored to ensure that conditions for approval areadhered to and that the benefits from the EIA are achieved.Monitoring, implementing and auditing within the EIAprocess provides feedback to further improve it.assimilated into the requirements for EIA. Amore comprehensive EIA could evolvetowards a periodic vulnerability assessment totake into account the dynamic nature of vulnerability.An expanded EIA process couldprovide a basis to ensure that proposed initiativeswould include considerations of both disasterreduction along with lessening environmentalimpact. Further it would allow for anassessment of potential problems as well asbenefits of disaster risk reduction activities.Additionally, disaster reduction specialistscould use the EIA model as an example toincrease comprehension of disaster impactassessments and to reorient it to become a plan-2155
5Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives216ning tool. Fundamentally, a post event impactassessment is a reactive assessment of damagealready occurred and not part of the planningprocess, although results can feed into futureplanning.Further cross-fertilization between disasterreduction practitioners and environmentalmanagers will generate better EIA techniquesand practices for use in disaster reduction.Investment in mitigation measures does notnecessarily reduce vulnerability and the socioeconomicand environmental consequences ofsuch measures need to be assessed. A welldesigned EIA process incorporating disasterrisk will be key in encouraging the private sectorand individuals to consider how their ownactions impact vulnerability factors. To end ona cautious note indicating that there is still along way to go until EIA’s potential is realized,a study carried out in MERCOSUR on theuse of EIA showed that even though all countrieshad adopted EIA as a preventive environmentalmanagement tool, only Brazil had significantexperience in this area. It is intriguingto note that emergency actions and actions thatrestore facilities to pre-disaster conditions areusually exempted from environmental impactassessment and documentation.Examples of the integration of disaster reductionconcerns into EIA are scarce. Through itsEIA, the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)is asking its borrowing member countries toinclude disaster mitigation measures that canserve to reduce the risk associated with investmentsin their development projects proposals.In India, the regulation on environmentalclearances for port projects requests an EIAreport, an environment management plan, arisk analysis study an disaster managementplan. The regulation specifies that the disastermanagement plan should be prepared on thebasis of the risk analysis considering worst casescenarios with respect to specific cases such asoil/chemical spillage, fire, explosions, sabotageand floods. It encourages green buffer zoneswhenever possible.In Viet Nam, an environmental sustainabilityprogram in the framework of Partnerships toMitigate Natural Disasters (NDM), providestechnical assistance for integrating environ-mental considerations into natural disaster mitigationplans. The relationship between naturaldisasters and environmental degradation willbe studied and guidelines for the environmentalimplications of disaster mitigation projectsproduced.Reporting on the state of the environmentGiven the importance of natural resources asenduring ways to reduce disaster risk, it is vital tohave a regularly updated picture of their healthand ability to fulfil their buffering task. Some ofthe most relevant reporting agencies include:• UNEP State of the Environment (SoE)reporting undertaken in the context ofperiodic Global Environmental Outlooks(GEO)• IUCN environment profiles• SoE reports for projects financed by theWorld Bank and GEF, as well as otherfunding agencies• OECD environmental performance reviews• UN CSD national reporting on implementationof Agenda 21, national assessmentreports and country profiles• National communications required by theConference of the Parties of the climatechange, biodiversity and desertificationconventions.The objective of these reporting systems is toassess the present and future situation of naturalresources and the environment, includingemerging issues on environmental managementand legislation and development issues.The objective of these reporting systems is toassess the present and future situation of naturalresources and the environment, includingemerging issues and recommendations onenvironmental management and legislationand development issues. They also inform onimplementations means.Reporting is a qualitative assessment tool and aframework for policy analysis and decisionmaking.Finally, reporting facilitates the measurementof progress towards sustainable development.Efforts of countries to meet their environmentaland sustainable development goalsare scrutinized in order to improve their performancein environmental management and
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DLiving with RiskA global review of
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Bastien Affeltranger, FranceTom Alc
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IntroductionThis is a preliminary v
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“Imagine all the people…”It w
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Eruption of Mount Agung, Bali, Indo
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Living with risk - focus on disaste
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The shift towards disaster reductio
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Taking these developments into acco
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Disaster risk reduction - a sharedr
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A disaster is a function of the ris
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Disaster risk management and reduct
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Chapter2Risk awareness and assessme
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Understanding the nature of hazards
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Risk awareness and assessment2Map-
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The figure below illustrates the fo
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Trends in disaster impactWhile no c
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Trends in hazardsUntil recently, th
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Risk awareness and assessment2Nyira
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Risk awareness and assessment2ISDR
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Risk awareness and assessment2Reduc
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Risk awareness and assessment2Wildl
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Risk awareness and assessment2Prima
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Risk awareness and assessment215 la
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dering external debts that constitu
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The identification of hazards usual
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consideration about the nature of i
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Risk awareness and assessment2Bern
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Risk awareness and assessment2THE P
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Risk awareness and assessment2The R
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Risk awareness and assessment2Ecoci
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Chapter3Policy and public commitmen
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Policy and public commitment: the f
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Policy frameworks in practiceAsiaDi
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process that emphasizes the partici
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announced the creation of the Offic
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established with necessary legislat
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Key policy proposals contained in t
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Under the mandate of the CTGC, a se
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Following recommendations, the city
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underway to upgrade the Swiss Natio
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damage to introducing means that ca
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The last earthquake to devastate Ka
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• Formulating distinctive risk re
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AfricaSouthern AfricaPolicy and pub
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y the conduct of monthly meetings d
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develop closer working relationship
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mechanisms among SAARC countries fo
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ients as unencumbered assistance. A
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able outcomes within individual Pac
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EuropeWestern EuropeResearch is one
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/environme
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ter. By working together with commu
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ing socio-economic considerations w
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Case: Central American countries,co
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experience of National Societies of
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Chapter4Building understanding: dev
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Building understanding: development
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International scope of informationT
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environmental changes, including el
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Regional initiativesRegional inform
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Building understanding: development
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Annexesa1Annex 1Terminology: Basic
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Emergency management involves the p
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Recovery (rehabilitation and recons
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Annexesa2Annex 2Directory: Internat
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Annexesa2Business and Industry Coun
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Annexesa2Comisión Nacional de Prev
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Annexesa2Disaster Management Center
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Annexesa2Experimental Climate Predi
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Annexesa2Instituto Nicaraguense de
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Annexesa2International Drought Info
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Annexesa2Musokotwane Environment Re
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Annexesa2Organization of Eastern Ca
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Annexesa2South Asian Association fo
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Annexesa2Unit for Sustainable Devel
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Annexesa3Annex 3aList of ACRONYMSAC
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Annexesa3CREDCRIDCSDCSDSCSIRCSTCSWC
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GEOGESIGFMCGHIGIEWSGISGLIDESGLO-DIS
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Annexesa3mMABMADERMANDISAMARNMATEMC
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Annexesa3SARCOFSARDCSARECSBOSCF-UKS
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Annexesa4Annex 4aBibliographyAbramo
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Annexesa4eDisaster Relief. Worldwid
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Annexesa4kKent,m lRandolph. 1987. A
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Annexesa4Thompson, C. 1993. Drought
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The International Strategy for Disa
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