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These joined the long standing Ramsar Conventionon Wetland Preservation (1971) to emphasizethe importance of natural resource managementand the dynamic growth of risk factors thatcontribute to natural disasters.History of the Earth SummitRelated international commitments and the UN role in disaster risk reductionsustainable development as development which"meets the needs of present generations withoutcompromising the ability of future generations tomeet their own needs."Sustainable development meets the needs of the presentgenerations without compromising the ability of futureones to meet their own needs….6The concept of sustainable development datesback a long way but it was at the UN Conferenceon Human Environment (Stockholm, 1972) whenthe international community met for the firsttime to consider the global environment andhighlighted the need to support people in thisprocess. The Conference indicated that industrialisedenvironmental problems, such as habitatdegradation, toxicity and acid rain, were notnecessarily relevant issues for all countries andcommunities. However, it was the existingenvironmental problems that dominated themeeting and led to wider public environmentalawareness.In the 1980s, the UN set up the World Commissionon Environment and Development, alsocalled the Brundtland Commission. Theyproduced Our Common Future, otherwiseknown as the Brundtland Report, whichframed much of what would become Agenda21 and the 27 principles of the Rio Declarationon Environment and Development. It definedHowever, the description of sustainable developmentin Agenda 21 called for a total shift inthe status quo of prevalent value systems andinstitutional processes. Such global changecould never have occurred over night. Whenprogress was assessed after five years - Rio+5 inNew York, 1997 - many gaps in implementationwere identified, particularly with regard to socialequity and poverty. Falling levels of officialdevelopment assistance (ODA) and growinginternational debt contributed to this. It alsoshowed failures to improve technology transfer,capacity building for participation and development,institutional coordination, and to reduceexcessive levels of production and consumption.The review meeting called for the ratificationand implementation of the growing number ofinternational agreements and conventionswhich refer to environment and development.The same concerns regarding implementationhave been raised in the Rio+10 preparatoryThe four broad areas of action of Agenda 21ElementsSocial and economic dimensions todevelopmentConservation and management of naturalresourcesStrengthening role of major groupsMeans of implementationIssuesPoverty, production and consumption, health,human settlement, integrated decision-makingAtmosphere, oceans and seas, land, forests, mountains,biological diversity, ecosystems, biotechnology,freshwater resources, toxic chemicals, hazardousradioactive and solid wasteYouth, women, indigenous people, NGOs, localauthorities, trade unions, businesses, scientific andtechnical communities, farmersFinance, technology transfer, information, publicawareness, capacity building, education, legalinstruments, institutional frameworks289
6Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiativesprocess, leading to the WSSD. During thisprocess, natural disaster has been identified asa serious constraint to sustainable developmentand has been included as an action point in thedraft programme of implementation.More information can be found onwww.earthsummit2002.orgExpected results of WSSD• Political declaration on increased commitmentfor action.• Programme of implementation buildingon Agenda 21 and the Rio Principles.• Partnerships (global, regional or sub-regional)to implement specific parts of the plan ofimplementation.Disaster is emerging as one of the new subjects inthe draft plan of implementation and will hopefullybe recognised as a prerequisite for sustainabledevelopment. The subject is dealt with under theissue of protecting and managing the naturalresource base of economic and social development,and also touched upon under poverty eradicationfor adequate and secure housing for the poor andunder means of implementation. The sections onsmall island developing states, as well as the one forAfrica, include special concerns and action pointsrelated to increased capacities to cope with disasters.Elements discussed for the programme of implementation of Johannesburg:"An integrated, multi-hazard, inclusive approach to address vulnerability, risk assessment anddisaster management, including prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery, isan essential element of a safer world in the 21st century." Actions, which are required at all levels,mentioned in the draft after the last preparatory committee held in Bali, call for a strengthenedrole of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), and include:• The need to strengthen or establish effective regional, subregional and national strategiesand scientific and technical institutional support for disaster management, including jointobservation and research.• Wetland and watershed protection and restoration to reduce floods, improved land-use planning,improving and applying techniques for assessing the potential adverse effects ofclimate.• Dissemination and use of traditional and indigenous knowledge to mitigate the impact ofdisasters.• Promoting community-based disaster management planning by local authorities, includingthrough training activities and raising public awareness.• Supporting the ongoing voluntary contribution of, as appropriate, NGOs, the scientificcommunity, and other partners in the management of natural disasters according to agreed,relevant guidelines.• Development and strengthening of early warning systems and information networks indisaster management.• Strengthening capacity at all levels to collect and disseminate scientific and technical information,especially El Niño and La Niña, through assistance to institutions devoted toaddressing such events.290
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DLiving with RiskA global review of
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Bastien Affeltranger, FranceTom Alc
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IntroductionThis is a preliminary v
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“Imagine all the people…”It w
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Eruption of Mount Agung, Bali, Indo
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Living with risk - focus on disaste
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The shift towards disaster reductio
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Taking these developments into acco
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Disaster risk reduction - a sharedr
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A disaster is a function of the ris
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Disaster risk management and reduct
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Chapter2Risk awareness and assessme
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Understanding the nature of hazards
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Risk awareness and assessment2Map-
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The figure below illustrates the fo
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Trends in disaster impactWhile no c
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Trends in hazardsUntil recently, th
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Risk awareness and assessment2Nyira
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Risk awareness and assessment2ISDR
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Risk awareness and assessment2Reduc
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Risk awareness and assessment2Wildl
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Risk awareness and assessment2Prima
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Risk awareness and assessment215 la
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dering external debts that constitu
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The identification of hazards usual
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consideration about the nature of i
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Risk awareness and assessment2Bern
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Risk awareness and assessment2THE P
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Risk awareness and assessment2The R
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Risk awareness and assessment2Ecoci
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Chapter3Policy and public commitmen
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Policy and public commitment: the f
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Policy frameworks in practiceAsiaDi
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process that emphasizes the partici
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announced the creation of the Offic
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established with necessary legislat
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Key policy proposals contained in t
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Under the mandate of the CTGC, a se
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Following recommendations, the city
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underway to upgrade the Swiss Natio
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damage to introducing means that ca
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The last earthquake to devastate Ka
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• Formulating distinctive risk re
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AfricaSouthern AfricaPolicy and pub
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y the conduct of monthly meetings d
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develop closer working relationship
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mechanisms among SAARC countries fo
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ients as unencumbered assistance. A
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able outcomes within individual Pac
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EuropeWestern EuropeResearch is one
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/environme
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ter. By working together with commu
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ing socio-economic considerations w
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Case: Central American countries,co
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experience of National Societies of
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Chapter4Building understanding: dev
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Building understanding: development
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International scope of informationT
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environmental changes, including el
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Regional initiativesRegional inform
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North AmericaThe Natural Hazards Re
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EuropeA different type of informati
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created a more readily understood c
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Technical information service conve
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ole in defining these future requir
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A second initiative to disseminate
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support, contribute to the establis
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issues, climatic uncertainty, chang
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anism that has been exploited to on
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preparedness are frequently attribu
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Institutional basis to transmit exp
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lic information must necessarily in
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information including links to many
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ized a workshop with the support of
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nication remains the local language
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In 2001, government officials, ADRC
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challengesFuture challenges and pri
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Chapter5A selection of disasterredu
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5Living with Risk: A global review
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Page 241 and 242: 5Living with Risk: A global review
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Page 340 and 341: Annexesa1Annex 1Terminology: Basic
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Emergency management involves the p
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Recovery (rehabilitation and recons
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Annexesa2Annex 2Directory: Internat
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Annexesa2Business and Industry Coun
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Annexesa2Comisión Nacional de Prev
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Annexesa2Disaster Management Center
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Annexesa2Experimental Climate Predi
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Annexesa2Instituto Nicaraguense de
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Annexesa2International Drought Info
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Annexesa2Musokotwane Environment Re
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Annexesa2Organization of Eastern Ca
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Annexesa2South Asian Association fo
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Annexesa2Unit for Sustainable Devel
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Annexesa3Annex 3aList of ACRONYMSAC
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Annexesa3CREDCRIDCSDCSDSCSIRCSTCSWC
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GEOGESIGFMCGHIGIEWSGISGLIDESGLO-DIS
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Annexesa3mMABMADERMANDISAMARNMATEMC
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Annexesa3SARCOFSARDCSARECSBOSCF-UKS
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Annexesa4Annex 4aBibliographyAbramo
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Annexesa4eDisaster Relief. Worldwid
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Annexesa4kKent,m lRandolph. 1987. A
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Annexesa4Thompson, C. 1993. Drought
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The International Strategy for Disa
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