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A disaster is a function of the risk process. It resultsfrom the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerabilityand insufficient capacity or measures toreduce the potential negative consequences of risk.Risk managementThe systematic management of administrativedecisions, organisation, operational skills andresponsibilities to apply policies, strategies andpractices for disaster risk reduction.Disaster risk reduction(disaster reduction)The systematic development and application ofpolicies, strategies and practices to minimisevulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout asociety, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigationand preparedness) adverse impact ofhazards, within the broad context of sustainabledevelopment.PreventionActivities to provide outright avoidance of theadverse impact of hazards and related environmental,technological and biological disasters.Depending on social and technical feasibility andcost/benefit considerations, investing in preventivemeasures is justified in areas frequently affected bydisaster. In the context of public awareness raisingLiving with risk - focus on disaster risk reductionand education, prevention refers to attitude andbehaviour leading towards a “culture of prevention”.MitigationStructural and non-structural measures undertakento limit the adverse impact of natural hazards,environmental degradation and technologicalhazards.PreparednessActivities and measures taken in advance toensure effective response to the impact of disasters,including the issuance of timely and effectiveearly warnings and the temporary removalof people and property from a threatened location.Early warningThe provision of timely and effective information,through identified institutions, that allowindividuals at risk of a disaster, to take action toavoid or reduce their risk and prepare for effectiveresponse.Early warning systems consist of three elements (i)forecasting and prediction of impending events, (ii)processing and dissemination of warnings to politicalauthorities and population, and (iii) undertakingappropriate reaction to warnings.125
1Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives1.2. Contexts and processes linked to disaster risk reduction:sustainable developmentPolitical support for disaster risk reduction has to be established from the apex of political powerbut that can only be realistic if the perceptions of risk and the actions proposed accord with thecultural beliefs and habits of society. In today’s interconnected world, societies are confrontedwith rapid winds of change. Therefore, the value of disaster risk reduction can only be realizedthrough rigorous identification and continuous evaluation of the relationships that exist betweenthe distinctive beliefs and human conditions in which people live, the changing environmentpeople inhabit and depend upon for their livelihoods, and the immutable forces of nature. Mostimportantly, disaster risk reduction relies upon the consequences of collective decisions made andindividual actions taken – or not taken.The emergence of a disaster reduction culture is conditioned by contexts and processes that aredescribed below:• The sustainable development context, the ultimate international goal;• The political context, essential for action;• The three contexts linked to the pillars of sustainable development:(a) The socio-cultural system(b) The economic system(c) The environmental systemSustainability means recognizing and making best use of the interconnection between social, economicand environmental goals to reduce significant hazard risks. This entails the ability to reduceone’s exposure to, and recover from, infrequent large-scale, but also frequent smaller scale, naturaland human driven events.The bottom line for any country, especially the poorest, is to build sustainable communities thrivingfrom generation to generation with a social foundation that provides for health, respects culturaldiversity, is equitable and considers the needs of future generations. They require has ahealthy and diverse ecological system that is life-sustaining and productive, a healthy and diverseeconomy that adapts to change and recognizes social and ecological limits. This cannot be achievedwithout the incorporation of disaster reduction strategies, one of the six principles of sustainabilitysupported by a strong political commitment.The six principles of sustainability1. Maintain and enhance quality of life2. Enhance economic vitality3. Ensure social and intergenerational equity4. Maintain and enhance environmental quality5. Incorporate disaster resilience and mitigationinto actions and decisions6. Use a consensus-building, participatoryprocess when making decisionsSource: J. Monday, 200226
Page 1: DLiving with RiskA global review of
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Risk awareness and assessment2The R
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Risk awareness and assessment2Ecoci
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Chapter3Policy and public commitmen
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Policy and public commitment: the f
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Policy frameworks in practiceAsiaDi
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process that emphasizes the partici
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announced the creation of the Offic
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established with necessary legislat
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Key policy proposals contained in t
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underway to upgrade the Swiss Natio
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• Formulating distinctive risk re
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AfricaSouthern AfricaPolicy and pub
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y the conduct of monthly meetings d
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develop closer working relationship
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mechanisms among SAARC countries fo
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ients as unencumbered assistance. A
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able outcomes within individual Pac
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EuropeWestern EuropeResearch is one
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/environme
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ter. By working together with commu
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ing socio-economic considerations w
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Case: Central American countries,co
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experience of National Societies of
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Chapter4Building understanding: dev
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Building understanding: development
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International scope of informationT
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environmental changes, including el
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Regional initiativesRegional inform
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North AmericaThe Natural Hazards Re
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EuropeA different type of informati
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created a more readily understood c
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Technical information service conve
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ole in defining these future requir
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A second initiative to disseminate
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support, contribute to the establis
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issues, climatic uncertainty, chang
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anism that has been exploited to on
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preparedness are frequently attribu
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Institutional basis to transmit exp
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lic information must necessarily in
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information including links to many
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ized a workshop with the support of
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nication remains the local language
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In 2001, government officials, ADRC
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challengesFuture challenges and pri
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Chapter5A selection of disasterredu
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5Living with Risk: A global review
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Annexesa1Annex 1Terminology: Basic
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Emergency management involves the p
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Recovery (rehabilitation and recons
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Annexesa2Annex 2Directory: Internat
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Annexesa2Business and Industry Coun
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Annexesa2Comisión Nacional de Prev
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Annexesa2Disaster Management Center
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Annexesa2Experimental Climate Predi
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Annexesa2Instituto Nicaraguense de
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Annexesa2International Drought Info
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Annexesa2Musokotwane Environment Re
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Annexesa2Organization of Eastern Ca
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Annexesa2South Asian Association fo
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Annexesa2Unit for Sustainable Devel
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Annexesa3Annex 3aList of ACRONYMSAC
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Annexesa3CREDCRIDCSDCSDSCSIRCSTCSWC
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GEOGESIGFMCGHIGIEWSGISGLIDESGLO-DIS
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Annexesa3mMABMADERMANDISAMARNMATEMC
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Annexesa3SARCOFSARDCSARECSBOSCF-UKS
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Annexesa4Annex 4aBibliographyAbramo
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Annexesa4eDisaster Relief. Worldwid
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Annexesa4kKent,m lRandolph. 1987. A
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Annexesa4Thompson, C. 1993. Drought
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The International Strategy for Disa
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