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Building performance targetsIn order to develop and assess effective disaster riskreduction strategies, governments need to focus on aseries of performance targets or benchmarks.They need to be, among other things ”SMART”: sustainable,measurable, achievable, relevant and timely:• Sustainable over time.• Measurable, with defined criteria for success andspecific benchmarks.• Achievable within the time frame that governmentsset. This may extend over months or yearsdepending on available resources and nationalpriorities.• Relevant, to satisfy varied national situationsrelated to national hazards, vulnerabilities andcapacities and set within national governmentalstructures.• Timely, related to carefully time-framed tasks,with clear short and long term goals.They must also be:• Clearly defined.• Flexible, to enable on course corrections to bemade.• Adaptable to suit changing needs and perceptions.• Well integrated among sectors, line ministries ordepartments and between fields or disciplines.• Accepted by all contributing bodies both insideand outside governments.• Reflecting on international experience from countriesthat have succeeded in creating effective mitigationand preparedness strategies.Challenges for the futurewith the different aspects of disaster risk reduction thatall comprehensive strategies share.• Designated government authorities at bothnational and local levels of responsibility will ideallywork closely with specialized institutions andcommunity-based organizations to apply the formulasconsidered most appropriate for theirrespective requirements. By drawing on their ownlocal experiences though, they also can contributeto the broader search and progressive refinementof both methodologies and appropriate criteriathat may hold wider relevance and appeal.• Equally, international agencies representing bothbilateral and multilateral interests can contributeto this on-going assessment process as part ofrealizing their on-going development policies,programmes and projects.• Individual "centers of excellence" devoted todisaster reduction at local, national, regionaland international levels of activity can furtheraugment the process of identifying, compilingand circulating different approaches to evaluatethe various dimensions of disaster risk managementin practice.In this respect, ISDR's extended international framework,associated technical specialists and interestedinstitutions can contribute various examples or broadparameters of possible criteria within designated areasof interest. Working in concert, they can also facilitatethe wider distribution and progressive refinement orvalidation of different needs and experience. There arecrucial roles to compare, circulate and progressivelyconsolidate possible approaches to gauge globalprogress, with the overall aim of enhancing and utilizingmultiple capacities for a shared global purpose.7Performance targets need to be adapted to each specificgeographical and cultural context and testedaccordingly.A collaborative effort to measure accomplishmentWhile the motivation and the responsibility to evaluateprogress towards more effective risk reduction restswithin individual countries and local communities,there is a collective requirement that extends throughoutthe disaster risk reduction community to determinebroadly agreed terms of reference and to increaseknowledge about available methodologies. Specificperformance targets and priorities clearly will varyfrom country to country, but crucial areas of emphasiscan be tied to various functions and abilities associatedAn example of one such conceptual framework suitedto a particular set of circumstances is presented on thefollowing pages. It was developed through nationaland sub-regional collaboration in the PREANDINOprogramme involving Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador,Peru and Venezuela, with the encouragement of theISDR secretariat. While the expressed need for thisframework evolved within the countries concerned, itsinitial development also serves the purpose of thisglobal review by demonstrating one approach to a systematicand structured review process of accomplishmentsin disaster risk management practice. Theframework will continue to be refined as appropriatecriteria become fashioned through further developmentand the methodology is honed through practicaltesting, but it represents an important start to theprocess.331
7Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiativesElements for development of indicators or performance targets for an institutionalframework for disaster risk reduction and instilling a culture of preventionFocus area for performancetargetsImpact on institutionalframeworkImpact on theplanning processImpact on thecreation of a cultureof preventionat the level of theentire societyVariablePolitical will (incorporationof disaster prevention in thepolitical value system)Institutional development(for risk management)Risk reduction and/or disasterprevention plansIncorporation of risk assessmentsand disaster preventionmeasures in developmentplans and controlmechanismsSupport systems fordecision-makingEducation and capacitybuildingInformation andcommunicationCriteria for indicators(existence of…, number of…., level of…)• Official statements• Formal decisions on disaster prevention and risk management• High-level programmes for promoting disaster prevention and risk reduction• Organization - degree of organizational development• Legal and juridical support• Risk reduction law or legislative acts (in related areas)• Other regulations• Budget for institutional strengthening and other disaster reduction actionsExistence and development of risk reduction/prevention plans (within differentrelevant sectors)• Incorporation of risk assessments and risk reduction measures in developmentplans• Incorporation of risk assessments and prevention in land-use managementplans• Consideration of disaster risk assessments in projects (directly or in conjunctionwith environmental impact assessments)• Coordination mechanisms for plan design• Establishment of critical capabilities for protecting lives and assets andimplementing alternatives in disaster situations (such as, projects for controlof floods and other natural hazards and for protection against their impact,vulnerability reduction for health facilities, evacuation routes, alternativelife-lines, communication centres, airports, information management)• Information systems on risks and disasters• Impact measuring systems (indicators and methodologies)• Management assessment systems (management indicators)• Incorporation of hazard and risk management in the basic primary and secondarycurriculum (related to natural and social sciences and environmentaleducation)• Incorporation of specialized topics in higher education• Higher education courses in prevention and risk management (architecture,engineering, urban planning, medicine and public health, agriculture,sociology, economy, pedagogy, history, among others)• Risk management training programmes for public administration and otherstakeholders• Community training programmes• Formal prevention information and dissemination programmes• Channels of access to information (electronic and documentation centres)• Communication programmes aimed at the general population• Role of the media (permanent presentation of this type of information in weatherforecast broadcasts; links between the media and specialized informationproduction centres)332
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DLiving with RiskA global review of
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Bastien Affeltranger, FranceTom Alc
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IntroductionThis is a preliminary v
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“Imagine all the people…”It w
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Eruption of Mount Agung, Bali, Indo
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Living with risk - focus on disaste
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The shift towards disaster reductio
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Taking these developments into acco
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Disaster risk reduction - a sharedr
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A disaster is a function of the ris
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Disaster risk management and reduct
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Chapter2Risk awareness and assessme
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Understanding the nature of hazards
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Risk awareness and assessment2Map-
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The figure below illustrates the fo
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Trends in disaster impactWhile no c
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Trends in hazardsUntil recently, th
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Risk awareness and assessment2Nyira
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Risk awareness and assessment2ISDR
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Risk awareness and assessment2Reduc
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Risk awareness and assessment2Wildl
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Risk awareness and assessment2Prima
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Risk awareness and assessment215 la
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dering external debts that constitu
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The identification of hazards usual
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consideration about the nature of i
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Risk awareness and assessment2Bern
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Risk awareness and assessment2THE P
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Risk awareness and assessment2The R
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Risk awareness and assessment2Ecoci
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Chapter3Policy and public commitmen
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Policy and public commitment: the f
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Policy frameworks in practiceAsiaDi
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process that emphasizes the partici
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announced the creation of the Offic
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established with necessary legislat
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Key policy proposals contained in t
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Under the mandate of the CTGC, a se
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Following recommendations, the city
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underway to upgrade the Swiss Natio
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damage to introducing means that ca
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The last earthquake to devastate Ka
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• Formulating distinctive risk re
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AfricaSouthern AfricaPolicy and pub
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y the conduct of monthly meetings d
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develop closer working relationship
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mechanisms among SAARC countries fo
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ients as unencumbered assistance. A
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able outcomes within individual Pac
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EuropeWestern EuropeResearch is one
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/environme
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ter. By working together with commu
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ing socio-economic considerations w
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Case: Central American countries,co
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experience of National Societies of
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Chapter4Building understanding: dev
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Building understanding: development
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International scope of informationT
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environmental changes, including el
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Regional initiativesRegional inform
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North AmericaThe Natural Hazards Re
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EuropeA different type of informati
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created a more readily understood c
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Technical information service conve
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ole in defining these future requir
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A second initiative to disseminate
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support, contribute to the establis
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issues, climatic uncertainty, chang
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anism that has been exploited to on
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preparedness are frequently attribu
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Institutional basis to transmit exp
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lic information must necessarily in
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information including links to many
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ized a workshop with the support of
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nication remains the local language
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In 2001, government officials, ADRC
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challengesFuture challenges and pri
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Chapter5A selection of disasterredu
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5Living with Risk: A global review
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Page 283 and 284: 5Living with Risk: A global review
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Page 340 and 341: Annexesa1Annex 1Terminology: Basic
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Page 354 and 355: Annexesa2Experimental Climate Predi
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Page 378 and 379: Annexesa4Annex 4aBibliographyAbramo
Page 380 and 381: Annexesa4eDisaster Relief. Worldwid
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Annexesa4Thompson, C. 1993. Drought
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The International Strategy for Disa
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