The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation

20 The Translator’s Invisibility
peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him; or he
leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author
towards him” (Lefevere 1977:74). Admitting (with qualifications like
“as much as possible”) that translation can never be completely
adequate to the foreign text, Schleiermacher allowed the translator to
choose between a domesticating method, an ethnocentric reduction of
the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bringing the author
back home, and a foreignizing method, an ethnodeviant pressure on
those values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the
foreign text, sending the reader abroad.
Schleiermacher made clear that his choice was foreignizing
translation, and this led the French translator and translation
theorist Antoine Berman to treat Schleiermacher’s argument as an
ethics of translation, concerned with making the translated text a
place where a cultural other is manifested—although, of course, an
otherness that can never be manifested in its own terms, only in
those of the target language, and hence always already encoded
(Berman 1985:87–91). 9 The “foreign” in foreignizing translation is
not a transparent representation of an essence that resides in the
foreign text and is valuable in itself, but a strategic construction
whose value is contingent on the current target-language situation.
Foreignizing translation signifies the difference of the foreign text,
yet only by disrupting the cultural codes that prevail in the target
language. In its effort to do right abroad, this translation method
must do wrong at home, deviating enough from native norms to
stage an alien reading experience—choosing to translate a foreign
text excluded by domestic literary canons, for instance, or using a
marginal discourse to translate it.
I want to suggest that insofar as foreignizing translation seeks to
restrain the ethnocentric violence of translation, it is highly desirable
today, a strategic cultural intervention in the current state of world
affairs, pitched against the hegemonic English-language nations and
the unequal cultural exchanges in which they engage their global
others. Foreignizing translation in English can be a form of resistance
against ethnocentrism and racism, cultural narcissism and
imperialism, in the interests of democratic geopolitical relations. As a
theory and practice of translation, however, a foreignizing method is
specific to certain European countries at particular historical moments:
formulated first in German culture during the classical and romantic
periods, it has recently been revived in a French cultural scene
characterized by postmodern developments in philosophy, literary