Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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Serious harm. The relationship between child’s race/ethnicity and changesin the incidence of serious harm from Harm Standard maltreatment is also significant.The rate of serious harm decreased substantially for White children (by 43%) andHispanic children (by 31%), but increased for Black children (by 8%).4.3.2 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Endangerment StandardMaltreatmentThe incidence of nearly all categories of Endangerment Standardmaltreatment differed significantly by the child’s race/ethnicity. Table 4–4 provides thediffering incidence rates for the racial/ethnic subgroups.Table 4–4.Race/ethnicity Differences in Incidence Rates per 1,000 Children forEndangerment Standard Maltreatment in the NIS–4 (2005–2006).Endangerment StandardMaltreatment CategoryALL MALTREATMENTABUSE:White Black HispanicSignificance ofDifferences28.6 49.6 30.2 A, CAll Abuse 8.7 14.9 9.4 A, CPhysical Abuse 4.6 9.7 5.9 A, CEmotional AbuseNEGLECT:3.5 4.5 2.4 B, CAll Neglect 22.4 36.8 23.0 A, CPhysical Neglect 12.2 17.9 9.9 a, CEmotional NeglectSEVERITY OF HARM:AaBC12.1 18.2 13.2 ASerious 4.8 9.1 5.7 A, CModerate 11.0 18.6 11.2 aInferred 2.6 3.7 2.1 CEndangered 10.2 18.1 11.2 A, CDifference between "White" and "Black" is significant at pp>.05).Difference between "White" and "Hispanic" is significant at p
Overall Endangerment Standard Maltreatment, Abuse, and NeglectBlack children differed significantly from children in the other racial/ethnicgroups in their overall risk of Endangerment Standard maltreatment. EndangermentStandard maltreatment affected 49.6 per 1,000 Black children, versus 28.6 per 1,000White children and 30.2 per 1,000 Hispanic children. The rate of EndangermentStandard maltreatment for Black children is 1.7 times the rate for White children and 1.6times the rate for Hispanic children.The same pattern applies to Endangerment Standard abuse and neglect. Inboth categories, the incidence rate for Black children is significantly higher than the ratesfor White and Hispanic children. Black children experienced Endangerment Standardabuse at a rate 1.7 times the rate for White children (14.9 versus 8.7 per 1,000) and 1.6times the rate for Hispanic children (9.4 per 1,000).Endangerment Standard neglect affected Black children at a rate 1.6 times therates for White and Hispanic children (36.8 versus 22.4 and 23.0 per 1,000, respectively).Specific Categories of Endangerment Standard AbuseBlack children had a significantly higher rate of Endangerment Standardphysical abuse. Their rate is 2.1 times the rate for White children (9.7 versus 4.6 per1,000) and 1.6 times the rate for Hispanic children (5.9 per 1,000).Both White and Black children had significantly higher incidence rates ofemotional abuse than Hispanic children. The rate of Endangerment Standard emotionalabuse for White children was 1.5 times the rate for Hispanic children (3.5 versus 2.4 per1,000). Black children were emotionally abused at a rate of 4.5 per 1,000, which isalmost 2 times the rate for Hispanic children.Specific Categories of Endangerment Standard NeglectAn estimated 17.9 per 1,000 Black children were victims of physical neglect,which is 1.8 times the rate of 9.9 per 1,000 for Hispanic children, a significant difference.4-27
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
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males more often were abusers (62%
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maltreated children to enter CPS in
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with Harm Standard maltreatment and
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differences in maltreatment rates r
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1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
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Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
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• The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
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these with the percentages that rec
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Rationale. Although CPS investigate
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eveal the maltreatment to persons i
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Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
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CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
Page 67 and 68: 3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
Page 69 and 70: 3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
Page 71 and 72: 3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
Page 73 and 74: children represent 58% of all child
Page 75 and 76: From inadequate supervision to the
Page 77 and 78: 3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
Page 79 and 80: interpreted as less serious than mo
Page 81 and 82: considered to be endangered by thei
Page 83 and 84: totals represent national incidence
Page 85 and 86: Changes since 1986 in the incidence
Page 87 and 88: The NIS-3 found significant increas
Page 89 and 90: Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
Page 91 and 92: 4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
Page 93 and 94: Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
Page 95 and 96: Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
Page 97 and 98: 4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
Page 101 and 102: graph shows, the incidence rate for
Page 103 and 104: 4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
Page 105 and 106: Physical abuse. The incidence of En
Page 107 and 108: Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
Page 109 and 110: Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
Page 111 and 112: Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
Page 113 and 114: significantly higher than that for
Page 115: Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
Page 119 and 120: Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
Page 121 and 122: 4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
Page 123 and 124: Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
Page 125 and 126: Thus, the incidence rate for childr
Page 127 and 128: Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
Page 129 and 130: Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
Page 131: Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
Page 134 and 135: 5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
Page 136 and 137: more than 2 times the rate for chil
Page 138 and 139: inferring that they were harmed. Th
Page 140 and 141: Specific Categories of Endangerment
Page 142 and 143: Endangered. The estimated incidence
Page 144 and 145: families. The incidence rate for ch
Page 146 and 147: Educational neglect. Children in fa
Page 148 and 149: The incidence rate of Endangerment
Page 150 and 151: Endangered. Children in families of
Page 152 and 153: Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
Page 154 and 155: Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
Page 156 and 157: higher, the rate for children whose
Page 158 and 159: maltreatment at a reliably higher r
Page 160 and 161: Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
Page 162 and 163: 5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
Page 164 and 165: Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
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Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
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5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
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were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
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Moderate harm. Children residing in
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Second, because multiple persons so
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hierarchy comprises other adults kn
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Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
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with the fact that mothers tend to
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Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
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perpetrator relationship, with the
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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
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classification hierarchy. If more t
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neglected. That is, when school sen
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NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
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largest contributor in this sector,
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schools and social services agencie
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maltreatment situations only to CPS
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that influence sentinels’ respons
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8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
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Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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CPS investigated more than one-half
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Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
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children recognized at shelters, al
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Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
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Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
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Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
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maltreated children. With these chi
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during the extra month but were alr
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Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
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columns, providing the presumptive
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determining whether the child would
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Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
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8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
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investigation rates were lower for
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Prioritizing recommended responses
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maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
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columns, the educational neglect pe
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
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sliding scales for the poorer child
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REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
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Youth and Families, Administration
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
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Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
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optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
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Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
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The evaluative coders recorded thes
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Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)