Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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Table A–3. Sentinel Agency Participation Rates NIS–1 through NIS–4(Unweighted, After Replacement)Agency CategoryNIS–4ParticipationRate (%)NIS–3ParticipationRate (%)NIS–2ParticipationRate (%)NIS–1 ParticipationRate(%)County Sheriff/State Police 76 97 92Juvenile Probation 83 93 9492 aMunicipal Police 78 96 93 82Hospitals 69 100 96 76Public Health 77 100 100Social Service/Mental Health 68Shelters8691 b 88 b 91 cDay Care Centers 81 100 89Schools 64 75 82 89Public Housing 94 NA NA NATotal 72 82 88 87a In the NIS–1 these agency categories were combined with the county medical examiner in a single “OtherLaw Enforcement” category .b These categories were combined with the “Social Service/Mental Health” category in the NIS–2 and NIS–3.c These agency categories were combined in a single “Other Agencies” category in the NIS–1.All AgenciesPublic HousingSchoolsSchools-Districts*Day Care CentersSheltersSocial Service/Mental HealthPublic HealthHospitalsMunicipal PoliceJuvenile Probation**County Law Enforcement0 100 200 300 400Number of DaysApprovals Refusals Out of ScopeFigure A–1. Average Days from First to Last Contact for Approvals, Refusals, and Out-of-Scopes*One hundred and ninety-four schools were lost due to district-level refusals. No contact was made with these schools.**Three county probation offices were associated with state refusals. No contact was made with these agencies.A-13
DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS–4 data collection were to maximize agency and sentinelparticipation and to collect complete and accurate data forms on every maltreated child whomsentinels identified or whom CPS agencies accepted for investigation during the NIS–4 referenceperiods. The NIS–4 used two 3-month reference periods (9/4/05–12/3/05 and 2/4/06–5/3/06).Table A–4 shows the distribution of the NIS–4 sample across these reference periods.Table A–4.Distribution of PSUs, Counties, and Agenciesby Reference PeriodReference Period PSUs CountiesCPSAgencies8541SentinelAgencies754340Fall 200572 83Spring 2006 38 39Total 110 122 126 1,094CPS agencies provided data on all cases they accepted for investigation that werereported during their assigned reference period, whereas sentinels described all maltreatedchildren they encountered whose maltreatment occurred during their assigned reference period.CPS agencies also provided summary level data about cases they accepted during the monthfollowing their reference period for special analyses to explore the effects of allowing more timefor reports to CPS, especially on children sentinels observed late in their reference period.The fall and spring reference periods required two cohorts of field managers in thehome office and local coordinators in the field. Local coordinators lived in or near the NIS–4counties. They trained sentinels, motivated them throughout the data collection period, collectedsentinel data forms, trained CPS agency staff (as needed), and coordinated CPS data collectiontasks (as needed). Subsets of local coordinators were actively working over a 22-month periodfrom September 2005 through June 2007. Most sentinel data collection activity coincided withthe two 13-week reference periods, but CPS data collection extended for more than a yearbeyond the end of the second reference period due to agencies’ schedule, budget, or staffingconstraints and the challenges of negotiating data extracts from agencies’ electronic informationsystems.A-14
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
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males more often were abusers (62%
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maltreated children to enter CPS in
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with Harm Standard maltreatment and
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differences in maltreatment rates r
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1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
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Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
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• The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
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these with the percentages that rec
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Rationale. Although CPS investigate
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eveal the maltreatment to persons i
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Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
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CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
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Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
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5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
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were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
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Moderate harm. Children residing in
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Second, because multiple persons so
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hierarchy comprises other adults kn
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Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
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with the fact that mothers tend to
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Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
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perpetrator relationship, with the
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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
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classification hierarchy. If more t
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neglected. That is, when school sen
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NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
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largest contributor in this sector,
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schools and social services agencie
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maltreatment situations only to CPS
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that influence sentinels’ respons
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8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
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Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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CPS investigated more than one-half
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Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
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children recognized at shelters, al
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Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
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Page 248 and 249: Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
Page 250 and 251: maltreated children. With these chi
Page 252 and 253: during the extra month but were alr
Page 254 and 255: Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
Page 256 and 257: columns, providing the presumptive
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Page 260 and 261: Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
Page 262 and 263: 8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
Page 264 and 265: investigation rates were lower for
Page 266 and 267: Prioritizing recommended responses
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Page 270 and 271: columns, the educational neglect pe
Page 273 and 274: 9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
Page 275 and 276: sliding scales for the poorer child
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
Page 279 and 280: Youth and Families, Administration
Page 281 and 282: U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
Page 283 and 284: Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
Page 285 and 286: weighted the records (so the sample
Page 287 and 288: design. The measure of size was the
Page 289 and 290: optimal sample sizes from law enfor
Page 291 and 292: CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
Page 293 and 294: SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
Page 295: Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
Page 299 and 300: Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
Page 301 and 302: • The nature of harm (injuries to
Page 303 and 304: The evaluative coders recorded thes
Page 305 and 306: Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
Page 307 and 308: probability-based matching software
Page 309 and 310: WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
Page 311 and 312: eport the child to CPS, which in tu
Page 313 and 314: Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
Page 315 and 316: CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
Page 317 and 318: • 52 agencies provided their own
Page 319 and 320: SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
Page 321 and 322: The first surveys were mailed in Ma
Page 323 and 324: TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
Page 325 and 326: TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
Page 327 and 328: TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
Page 329 and 330: TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
Page 331 and 332: TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
Page 333 and 334: TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
Page 335 and 336: TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
Page 337 and 338: TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
Page 339 and 340: TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
Page 341 and 342: TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
Page 343 and 344: TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
Page 345 and 346: Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)