Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omissions: For maltreatment to count,it must be nonaccidental and avoidable. 94. Time of Maltreatment: The maltreatment has to have occurred duringthe study reference period. 105. Severity of Harm: For each form of maltreatment, the Harm Standardspecifies a minimum level of harm that must be evident in order forthe child to be countable. 116. Person(s) Responsible for the Maltreatment: For each form ofmaltreatment, both definitional standards specify whether theperpetrator must be an adult and how they must be related to the child(parent or other caregiver) in order for NIS to count themaltreatment. 12 Evaluative coders also assess the degree of evidencefor holding the alleged perpetrator responsible for the maltreatment.Maltreatment forms and categories. Based on the nature of the abusiveacts or neglectful omissions, coders classify alleged maltreatment situations using the 60forms and eight major categories listed in Table 2–1. The NIS definitions specify themaltreatment acts or omissions included in each form and clarify important boundaryconditions.Countability assessment. Coders reviewed all information submitted onCPS Maltreatment Data Forms and Sentinel Data Forms, assessing the maltreatment of9 The NIS excludes problems or hazards that a parent or caregiver could not avoid, due to lack of financialmeans (where appropriate assistance was not available through public agencies), or the caregiver’s death,hospitalization, incarceration (where it was physically impossible to provide or arrange for adequate care).10 Study data are annualized using multipliers that assume a specific time period. The restriction on thetime of maltreatment ensures that the annualization multipliers apply to the correct basis. For CPS data,CPS has to receive the report during the study reference period and accept it for investigation; for sentinelagencies, the maltreatment itself has to occur during the study reference period.11 To count a child in the study estimates, the Harm Standard generally requires moderate harm from abusebut serious harm from neglect.12For maltreatment to count under the Harm Standard, the perpetrator of abuse must be a parent, parentsubstitute,or an adult caregiver; a neglect perpetrator must be a parent or parent-substitute. TheEndangerment Standard relaxes these criteria in several respects. It includes situations where adultcaregivers other than a parent or parent substitute permit sexual abuse and situations where nonparentalminor caregivers perpetrate or permit sexual abuse. In addition, it includes other adult caregivers (besidesparents and parent substitutes) as allowable perpetrators of two forms of neglect: inadequate supervisionand other physical neglect (such as inadequate food, clothing, shelter, disregard of physical hazards, andother inattention to child’s physical safety and well-being).2–12
Table 2–1. NIS–4 60-form Typology for Classifying Alleged MaltreatmentSexual Abuse (10 codes)Intrusion sex without forceIntrusion sex involving use of forceChild’s prostitution or involvement in pornographywith intrusionMolestation with genital contactExposure/VoyeurismProviding sexually explicit materialsChild’s involvement in pornography withoutintrusionFailure to supervise child’s voluntary sexual activityAttempted/threatened sexual abuse with physicalcontactOther/unknown sexual abusePhysical Abuse (6 codes)Shake, throw, purposefully dropHit with handHit with objectPush, grab, drag, pullPunch, kickOther physical abuseEmotional Abuse (8 codes)Close confinement: tying/bindingClose confinement: otherVerbal assaults and emotional abuseThreats of sexual abuse (without contact)Threats of other maltreatmentTerrorizing the childAdministering unprescribed substancesOther/unknown abuseOther Maltreatment (6 codes)Lack of preventive health careGeneral neglect—other/unspecified neglectallegationsCustody/child support problemsBehavior control/family conflict issuesParent problemGeneral maltreatment—unspecified/other (notcoded above)Physical Neglect (12 codes)Refusal to allow or provide needed care for diagnosedcondition or impairmentUnwarranted delay or failure to seek needed careRefusal of custody/abandonmentOther refusal of custodyIllegal transfers of custodyOther or unspecified custody-related maltreatment --unstable custody arrangementsInadequate supervisionInadequate nutritionInadequate personal hygieneInadequate clothingInadequate shelterOther/unspecified disregard of child’s physical needs andphysical safetyEducational Neglect (4 codes)Permitted chronic truancyOther truancyFailure to register or enrollOther refusal to allow or provide needed attention todiagnosed educational needEmotional Neglect (11 codes)Inadequate nurturance/affectionDomestic violenceKnowingly permitting drug/alcohol abuseKnowingly permitting other maladaptive behaviorRefusal to allow or provide needed care for diagnosedemotional or behavioral impairment/problemFailure to seek needed care for emotional or behavioralimpairment/problemOverprotectivenessInadequate structureInappropriately advanced expectationsExposure to maladaptive behaviors and environmentsOther inattention to development/emotional needsNot Countable by any NIS Standard (3 codes)Involuntary neglectChemically dependent newbornsNon-maltreatment cases2–13
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
Page 3 and 4:
Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
Page 7 and 8: ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
Page 13 and 14: Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
Page 17 and 18: In the NIS classifications, maltrea
Page 19 and 20: 3. The National Incidence of Child
Page 21 and 22: (36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
Page 23 and 24: maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
Page 25 and 26: details that would exclude legitima
Page 27 and 28: Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
Page 29 and 30: males more often were abusers (62%
Page 31 and 32: maltreated children to enter CPS in
Page 33 and 34: with Harm Standard maltreatment and
Page 35 and 36: differences in maltreatment rates r
Page 37 and 38: 1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
Page 39 and 40: Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
Page 41 and 42: • The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
Page 43: these with the percentages that rec
Page 46 and 47: Rationale. Although CPS investigate
Page 48 and 49: eveal the maltreatment to persons i
Page 50 and 51: Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
Page 52 and 53: CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
Page 54 and 55: format: the Sentinel data form desc
Page 58 and 59: each child substantiated by CPS or
Page 60 and 61: 2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
Page 62 and 63: the population. The estimated total
Page 64 and 65: 2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
Page 67 and 68: 3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
Page 69 and 70: 3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
Page 71 and 72: 3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
Page 73 and 74: children represent 58% of all child
Page 75 and 76: From inadequate supervision to the
Page 77 and 78: 3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
Page 79 and 80: interpreted as less serious than mo
Page 81 and 82: considered to be endangered by thei
Page 83 and 84: totals represent national incidence
Page 85 and 86: Changes since 1986 in the incidence
Page 87 and 88: The NIS-3 found significant increas
Page 89 and 90: Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
Page 91 and 92: 4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
Page 93 and 94: Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
Page 95 and 96: Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
Page 97 and 98: 4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
Page 101 and 102: graph shows, the incidence rate for
Page 103 and 104: 4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
Page 105 and 106: Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
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Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
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5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
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were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
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Moderate harm. Children residing in
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Second, because multiple persons so
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hierarchy comprises other adults kn
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Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
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with the fact that mothers tend to
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Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
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perpetrator relationship, with the
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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
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classification hierarchy. If more t
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neglected. That is, when school sen
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NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
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largest contributor in this sector,
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schools and social services agencie
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maltreatment situations only to CPS
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that influence sentinels’ respons
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8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
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Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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CPS investigated more than one-half
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Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
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children recognized at shelters, al
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Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
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Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
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Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
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maltreated children. With these chi
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during the extra month but were alr
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Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
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columns, providing the presumptive
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determining whether the child would
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Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
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8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
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investigation rates were lower for
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Prioritizing recommended responses
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maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
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columns, the educational neglect pe
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
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sliding scales for the poorer child
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REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
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Youth and Families, Administration
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
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Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
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optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
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Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
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The evaluative coders recorded thes
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Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)