Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) contributed fundingfor the NIS–4 Sentinel Definitions Survey (SDS).Walter R. McDonald and Associates, Inc. (WRMA) collaborated on several NIS–4 tasks under asubcontract to Westat, Inc. WRMA provided the 2004 data file from the National Child Abuseand Neglect Data System (NCANDS) to assist in sample design. Several WRMA staff recruiteda number of the sampled CPS agencies to participate. The questionnaire for the supplementarystudy CPS Structure and Practices Mail Survey (SPM) was a modified version of the instrumentWRMA developed for the 2002 Local Agency Survey in the CPS Systems and Reforms project;they helped the NIS–4 team modify that instrument and had a primary role in analyzing the SPMdata and writing the SPM report. During NIS–4 weighting, WRMA staff constructed a specialNCANDS file and computed the annualization factors. WRMA staff were also key collaboratorson the Comparison of NIS–4 and NCANDS. Finally, they participated in the NIS–4 ConsultantGroup meetings, where they provided formative suggestions during the study design and offeredfeedback on the implications of the findings.The NIS–4 Consultant Group members provided their expertise and advice at the outset, on thestudy plans, and during the final stage, on the presentation of findings. Participating memberswere Mark Applebaum (University of California, San Diego), Steve Christian (Casey FamilyPrograms), John Eckenrode (Cornell University), Diana English (University of WashingtonSchool of Social Work), Patrick Fagan (Family Research Council), Richard Heyman (StateUniversity of New York at Stony Brook), Brenda Jones-Harden (University of Maryland),Robert Ortega (University of Michigan), and Fred Wulczyn (Chapin Hall Center for Children,University of Chicago).Authors of this report include Westat staff with responsibilities for NIS–4 tasks: Andrea Sedlak(project director), Jane Mettenburg (team leader for CPS recruitment and evaluative coding andfor the Comparison of NIS–4 and NCANDS), Spencer Li (manager and analyst of the NIS–4supplementary study, CPS Structure and Practices Mail Survey), Monica Basena (analyst for thisreport and a leader on Incidence Projections in the 2009 Recession Economy), Angela Greene(leader of the NIS–4 supplementary study, CPS Screening Policies Study), Karla McPherson(analyst for this report, leader of the NIS–4 supplementary study, Sentinel Definitions Survey anda leader on Supplementary Analysis of Race Differences in the NIS–4), and Ian Petta (analyst).Other senior Westat staff whose dedication and expertise contributed to the success of this studyinclude John Brown (systems analyst), Janet Ciarico (unduplication team leader), Frances Gragg(sentinel recruitment team leader), John Hartge (field director), Elizabeth Quinn (leader ofinstrument design), Kristin Madden (lead programmer) and Marianne Winglee (lead statistician).This study would not have been possible without the support of hundreds of agencies andindividual caseworkers, teachers, police officers, social workers, probation officers, nurses, andother professionals in the study counties who contributed their enthusiastic support and much oftheir time in the effort to accurately assess the incidence, nature, and distribution of child abuseand neglect in the United States.
TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................11 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1-11.1 Background................................................................................ 1-11.2 NIS Design Enhancements ........................................................ 1-21.3 Focus of this Report................................................................... 1-42 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 2-12.1 Study Design.............................................................................. 2-12.2 Samples and Recruitment .......................................................... 2-72.3 Data Collection .......................................................................... 2-92.4 Evaluative Coding...................................................................... 2-102.5 Unduplication............................................................................. 2-152.6 Weighting and Estimation.......................................................... 2-162.7 Data Analysis............................................................................. 2-172.8 Supplementary Studies............................................................... 2-203 INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT............................ 3-13.1 National Incidence of Harm Standard Maltreatment................. 3-23.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Standard Maltreatment....... 3-33.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Abuse and Neglect........... 3-53.1.3 Specific Categories of Harm Standard Abuse ............... 3-63.1.4 Specific Categories of Harm Standard Neglect ............. 3-83.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Harm StandardMaltreatment.................................................................. 3-113.2 National Incidence of Endangerment StandardMaltreatment.............................................................................. 3-143.2.1 Overall Incidence of Endangerment StandardMaltreatment.................................................................. 3-143.2.2 Incidence of Endangerment Standard Abuse and Neglect .......................................................................... 3-163.2.3 Specific Categories of Endangerment StandardAbuse ............................................................................. 3-18i
Page 1 and 2: Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
Page 3: Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
Page 7 and 8: ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
Page 13 and 14: Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
Page 17 and 18: In the NIS classifications, maltrea
Page 19 and 20: 3. The National Incidence of Child
Page 21 and 22: (36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
Page 23 and 24: maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
Page 25 and 26: details that would exclude legitima
Page 27 and 28: Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
Page 29 and 30: males more often were abusers (62%
Page 31 and 32: maltreated children to enter CPS in
Page 33 and 34: with Harm Standard maltreatment and
Page 35 and 36: differences in maltreatment rates r
Page 37 and 38: 1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
Page 39 and 40: Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
Page 41 and 42: • The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
Page 43: these with the percentages that rec
Page 46 and 47: Rationale. Although CPS investigate
Page 48 and 49: eveal the maltreatment to persons i
Page 50 and 51: Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
Page 52 and 53: CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
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Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
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5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
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were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
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Moderate harm. Children residing in
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Second, because multiple persons so
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hierarchy comprises other adults kn
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Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
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with the fact that mothers tend to
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Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
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perpetrator relationship, with the
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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
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classification hierarchy. If more t
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neglected. That is, when school sen
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NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
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largest contributor in this sector,
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schools and social services agencie
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maltreatment situations only to CPS
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that influence sentinels’ respons
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8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
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Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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CPS investigated more than one-half
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Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
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children recognized at shelters, al
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Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
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Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
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Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
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maltreated children. With these chi
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during the extra month but were alr
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Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
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columns, providing the presumptive
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determining whether the child would
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Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
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8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
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investigation rates were lower for
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Prioritizing recommended responses
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maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
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columns, the educational neglect pe
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
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sliding scales for the poorer child
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REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
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Youth and Families, Administration
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
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Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
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optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
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Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
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The evaluative coders recorded thes
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Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)