Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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1.2 NIS Design EnhancementsOver the course of the three previous implementations, the NIS designbenefited from a series of intensive planning and pretest efforts, ongoing scrutiny, andinput from a number of expert forums. While adhering to the same basic framework andapproach, the design evolved through a range of enhancements.In responding to the original legislative mandate, the National Center onChild Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN) undertook a feasibility study, followed by two yearsof design and pretest. At the outset of the NIS–3, the Children’s Bureau convened aConference of Experts to consider outstanding questions concerning the NIS findings andsuggest additions and design improvements (Rogers, Gray, & Aitken, 1992). The NIS–3Advisory Board endorsed a number of the recommended additions, which NCCANincorporated into the study design (Sedlak, 2001).Following the NIS–3, DHHS undertook efforts to examine and critique theNIS methodology, identify strategies to enhance the accuracy and precision of the NISestimates, and increase the interpretability of the findings. These efforts comprisedmultiple phases, each building on previous developments.In February 1997, several months after the publication of the NIS–3 findings,the Children’s Bureau convened the NIS–3 Symposium (Children’s Bureau, 2000). InJune 2000, DHHS convened a Focus Group of experts to identify issues the design of thenext NIS should address. In October 2000, DHHS sponsored work to identify designoptions for the future NIS that would enhance the utility and interpretability of thefindings, the adequacy of the definitions, the present-day relevance and feasibility of themethodology, and the coverage, reliability, and precision of the estimates (Sedlak, Bruce,& Hill, 2002).In 2002, DHHS issued a contract to conduct the NIS–4 Planning Project.The initial phases of this planning work involved a series of 5 conference calls and an inpersonmeeting with a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) comprising up to 26 expertsfrom the private sector or local government and up to 17 federal agency staff withsubstantive interest in the NIS. Following these calls, the TAG met in-person todeliberate, classify, and prioritize the enhancement options.1–2
Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS directed that subsequent planningproject activities conduct in-depth work on six proposed enhancements—two pertainingto the sample design, one examining and refining the NIS definitions, and threedeveloping methodologies and materials for supplementary studies to help inunderstanding the main NIS findings:• Sample design enhancements. Statisticians explored the properties ofthe NIS–3 sample and estimates and identified strategies for improvingthe efficiency of the sample and precision of estimates in the NIS–4. 1• Definitions review and refinement. This effort began withcomprehensive review of all states’ statutes on mandated reporting ofchild abuse and neglect and of maltreatment classifications in the recentresearch literature. It compared the maltreatment events and categorydistinctions in these classifications against those in the NIS definitionsand recommended ways to differentiate and clarify the typology for theNIS–4. These modifications did not change NIS criteria for countingchildren as abused or neglected. Rather, they clarified the meaning ofthe NIS classification codes in order to improve their reliability andthey identified the correspondence between NIS codes and themaltreatment situations listed in states’ reporting statutes (Sedlak,Mettenburg, Schultz, & Cook, 2003).• Supplementary studies. The NIS–4 planning effort establishedmethodologies for three studies to improve the interpretability andclarify the policy implications of the main NIS findings.♦The CPS Structure and Practices Mail Survey (SPM) was modeledafter the Local Agency Survey (LAS) in the National Study ofChild Protective Service and Reform Efforts, which was conductedin 2002 with CPS agencies in 375 counties in the United States(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administrationfor Children and Families/Children's Bureau and Office of theAssistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2003). CPSagencies that participate in the NIS complete this mailquestionnaire about their structure, responsibilities, workarrangements, and specific practices. In relation to the main NIS–41 Statisticians assessed the NIS design effect and the power needed to compare specific subgroups; theyrecommended strategies for reducing the design effect and improving the precision of estimates (Park,Winglee, Clark, Sedlak, Morganstein, & Rust, 2003). A separate effort examined the NIS PSU selection,explored the statistical efficiency of alternative size measures and stratification, and recommendedmodifications for PSU selection in the NIS–4 (Park, Winglee, Clark, & Sedlak, 2003).1–3
Page 1 and 2: Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
Page 3 and 4: Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
Page 7 and 8: ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
Page 13 and 14: Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
Page 17 and 18: In the NIS classifications, maltrea
Page 19 and 20: 3. The National Incidence of Child
Page 21 and 22: (36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
Page 23 and 24: maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
Page 25 and 26: details that would exclude legitima
Page 27 and 28: Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
Page 29 and 30: males more often were abusers (62%
Page 31 and 32: maltreated children to enter CPS in
Page 33 and 34: with Harm Standard maltreatment and
Page 35 and 36: differences in maltreatment rates r
Page 37: 1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
Page 41 and 42: • The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
Page 43: these with the percentages that rec
Page 46 and 47: Rationale. Although CPS investigate
Page 48 and 49: eveal the maltreatment to persons i
Page 50 and 51: Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
Page 52 and 53: CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
Page 54 and 55: format: the Sentinel data form desc
Page 56 and 57: 3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
Page 58 and 59: each child substantiated by CPS or
Page 60 and 61: 2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
Page 62 and 63: the population. The estimated total
Page 64 and 65: 2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
Page 67 and 68: 3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
Page 69 and 70: 3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
Page 71 and 72: 3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
Page 73 and 74: children represent 58% of all child
Page 75 and 76: From inadequate supervision to the
Page 77 and 78: 3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
Page 79 and 80: interpreted as less serious than mo
Page 81 and 82: considered to be endangered by thei
Page 83 and 84: totals represent national incidence
Page 85 and 86: Changes since 1986 in the incidence
Page 87 and 88: The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
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Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
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5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
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were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
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Moderate harm. Children residing in
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Second, because multiple persons so
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hierarchy comprises other adults kn
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Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
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with the fact that mothers tend to
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Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
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perpetrator relationship, with the
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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
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classification hierarchy. If more t
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neglected. That is, when school sen
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NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
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largest contributor in this sector,
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schools and social services agencie
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maltreatment situations only to CPS
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that influence sentinels’ respons
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8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
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Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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CPS investigated more than one-half
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Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
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children recognized at shelters, al
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Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
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Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
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Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
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maltreated children. With these chi
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during the extra month but were alr
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Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
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columns, providing the presumptive
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determining whether the child would
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Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
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8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
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investigation rates were lower for
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Prioritizing recommended responses
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maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
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columns, the educational neglect pe
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
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sliding scales for the poorer child
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REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
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Youth and Families, Administration
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
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Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
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optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
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Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
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The evaluative coders recorded thes
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Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)