Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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Endangered. The estimated incidence of children who were endangered, butnot yet harmed, by abuse or neglect was significantly higher among children in thelargest families compared to those in families with three or fewer children. Theincidence of endangered children in the largest families (31.5 children per 1,000) is 2.6times the rate among “only” children (12.0 children per 1,000), 3.0 times that in familieswith two children (10.5 children per 1,000), and almost 2.0 times the rate in families withthree children (16.1 children per 1,000). Moreover, children in the mid-size families alsohad significantly different rates: the incidence of children endangered by theirmaltreatment in three-child families is more than 1.5 times the incidence of endangeredchildren in two-child families.Changes since the NIS–3 in the Distribution of Endangerment StandardMaltreatment Related to Family SizeChanges since the NIS–3 in the incidence of Endangerment Standardmaltreatment did not differ by family size.5.6Differences in the Incidence of Maltreatment Related toMetropolitan Status (Metrostatus) of County of ResidenceThe findings in this section apply a three-way classification of themetrostatus of children’s county of residence: large (major) urban counties, other urban(including suburban) counties, and rural counties. 88Although the NIS–3 used a similar classification, the Office of Managementand Budget (OMB) recently revised metrostatus definitions. These definitional changes,along with updated population data from Census 2000, reclassified a number of countiesin the United States. 89 The NIS–4 analyses of metrostatus differences in maltreatment88Computations of incidence rates used the following population denominators, reflecting the number ofchildren (in thousands) in the general population: 40,161 in major urban counties, 21,768 in urbancounties and 11,706 in rural counties. (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008a; U.S. Department of Agriculture,Economic Research Service, 2003, 2004).89 In 2000, OMB published new standards for defining metropolitan areas. After applying these newstandards to Census 2000 data, OMB announced the new area definitions for U.S. counties (U.S.(Footnote continues on next page.)5–52
ates used these revised definitions and county classifications. However, the analysesregarding changes in metrostatus since the NIS–3 used the earlier metrostatus definitions.5.6.1 Differences in Harm Standard Maltreatment Related toMetropolitan Status (Metrostatus) of County of ResidenceSignificant and marginal differences related to county metrostatus emerged inseveral categories of Harm Standard maltreatment. 90 As detailed below, incidence rateswere consistently higher in rural counties.Harm Standard AbuseFigure 5–23 displays the incidence rates for Harm Standard abuse by themetrostatus of the child’s county of residence.Overall abuse. The incidence of overall Harm Standard abuse in ruralcounties was 1.7 times the rate in major urban counties (10.8 versus 6.4 children per1,000), a statistically significant difference.Sexual abuse. The rate of Harm Standard sexual abuse in rural counties (2.8per 1,000 children) was twice the rate in urban counties (1.4 children per 1,000), adifference that is significant. The rural rate is also 1.6 times the sexual abuse rate inmajor urban areas (1.8 children per 1,000), a difference that is statistically marginal.(Continued from previous page.)Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2003). The new system defines metropolitanareas for all urbanized areas regardless of total area population and it includes outlying counties if theymeet a commuting threshold of 25%, with no additional requirement. This affected the NIS classificationof urban versus rural. In addition, the Census Bureau, using updated population data, modified the Rural-Urban Continuum Codes, which distinguished among counties based on population size (Department ofAgriculture, Economic Research Service, 2004). This affected the NIS–4 classification of major urbanversus urban, the former being counties in the top tier of this system (i.e., those in metro areas withpopulations of 1 million or more).90 In each category of maltreatment or harm, decisions about the significance of differences relied on theBonferroni critical values for t. This adjusted for the multiplicity of the comparisons involved. AppendixD gives the details concerning the statistical tests for significance of metrostatus differences.5–53
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
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males more often were abusers (62%
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maltreated children to enter CPS in
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with Harm Standard maltreatment and
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differences in maltreatment rates r
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1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
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Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
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• The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
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these with the percentages that rec
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Rationale. Although CPS investigate
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eveal the maltreatment to persons i
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Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
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CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
Page 134 and 135: 5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
Page 136 and 137: more than 2 times the rate for chil
Page 138 and 139: inferring that they were harmed. Th
Page 140 and 141: Specific Categories of Endangerment
Page 142 and 143: Endangered. The estimated incidence
Page 144 and 145: families. The incidence rate for ch
Page 146 and 147: Educational neglect. Children in fa
Page 148 and 149: The incidence rate of Endangerment
Page 150 and 151: Endangered. Children in families of
Page 152 and 153: Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
Page 154 and 155: Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
Page 156 and 157: higher, the rate for children whose
Page 158 and 159: maltreatment at a reliably higher r
Page 160 and 161: Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
Page 162 and 163: 5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
Page 164 and 165: Specific Categories of Endangerment
Page 166 and 167: Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
Page 168 and 169: living with a single parent who had
Page 170 and 171: oth parents showed much smaller cha
Page 172 and 173: child’s primary caregiver, when t
Page 174 and 175: Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
Page 176 and 177: in households with two children), a
Page 178 and 179: per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
Page 180 and 181: two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
Page 182 and 183: Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
Page 186 and 187: Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
Page 188 and 189: 5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
Page 190 and 191: were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
Page 192 and 193: Moderate harm. Children residing in
Page 194 and 195: Second, because multiple persons so
Page 196 and 197: hierarchy comprises other adults kn
Page 198 and 199: Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
Page 200 and 201: with the fact that mothers tend to
Page 202 and 203: Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
Page 204 and 205: perpetrator relationship, with the
Page 206 and 207: earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
Page 208 and 209: perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
Page 210 and 211: More of the moderately harmed child
Page 213 and 214: 7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
Page 215 and 216: classification hierarchy. If more t
Page 217 and 218: neglected. That is, when school sen
Page 219 and 220: NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
Page 221 and 222: largest contributor in this sector,
Page 223 and 224: schools and social services agencie
Page 225 and 226: maltreatment situations only to CPS
Page 227: that influence sentinels’ respons
Page 230 and 231: 8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
Page 232 and 233: Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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CPS investigated more than one-half
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Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
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children recognized at shelters, al
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Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
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Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
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Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
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maltreated children. With these chi
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during the extra month but were alr
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Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
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columns, providing the presumptive
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determining whether the child would
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Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
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8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
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investigation rates were lower for
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Prioritizing recommended responses
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maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
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columns, the educational neglect pe
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
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sliding scales for the poorer child
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REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
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Youth and Families, Administration
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
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Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
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optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
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Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
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The evaluative coders recorded thes
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Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)