Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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maltreatment directly to CPS. Among the sentinels whose agencies permitted directreporting, 62% said they had personally reported suspected child abuse or neglect directlyto CPS.Similar to the approach earlier (cf. Figure 7–3), the SDS analyses alsosubdivided sentinels into four broad groups, according to their agency category: health(hospitals and public health), law enforcement (sheriff, police, juvenile probation),school, and other (day care, social services, shelters, public housing). Figure 8–17 showsthe percentage of sentinels in each group who worked at agencies that allowed them toreport directly to CPS and, of those who were allowed to do so, the percentage who hadactually reported a case of suspected child maltreatment to CPS while working for theircurrent agencies.Figure 8–17.Percentages of Sentinels Whose Agency’s Policy Permits Individuals toReport to CPS and Who Have Personally Reported a Case.More sentinels from health (96%) and law enforcement (98%) said theiragencies allowed direct reporting than did those from “other” agencies (83%) and schools(80%). Compared to sentinels in health agencies and law enforcement, fewer sentinelsfrom both schools and the “other” agencies said that they were allowed to reportsuspected child maltreatment directly to CPS. More importantly, however, whensentinels were allowed to report directly to CPS, fewer school and “other” sentinels saidthey had ever reported a case (54% and 50%, respectively, compared to 87% among lawenforcement sentinels and 77% among those in health agencies).8–40
8.5.3 Sentinels’ Expectations About Their Reporting to CPSThe SDS questioned sentinels about their expected reactions to the kinds ofmaltreatment covered in the NIS, presenting vignettes that represented Harm Standardmaltreatment situations and asking whether the sentinels would report these situations toCPS. The last column in Table 8–6 presents the average percentages of SDS respondentswho said they would not report the category vignettes to CPS. 114 For comparison, thecenter column provides the percentages of uninvestigated children with Harm Standardmaltreatment in the NIS–4 who were recognized by sentinels. (These exclude childrenwho entered the NIS–4 through CPS-only sources, as discussed earlier in relation toFigure 8–6.)The two columns derive from independent studies and reflect very differentunits and measures; therefore, they are not directly comparable. 115 However, oneimportant contrast is of interest, as are some notable similarities.The percentages in the two columns are starkly different. Whereas the NIS–4found that majorities of countable children were not investigated, only minorities ofsentinels say they would not report the countable situations in the vignettes to CPS. Thecontrast is strong across all maltreatment categories. The sheer magnitude of thesedifferences suggests that sentinels’ failures to report to CPS (as they describe in theirSDS responses) are not sufficient to explain the large percentages of uninvestigatedchildren in the NIS–4.Despite the important difference in overall percentages, the two columnsshare some similar patterns. In both columns, the percentages for neglect are higher thanthose for abuse. Thus, more neglected children are uninvestigated (85% versus 57% ofabused children) and more sentinels say they would not report neglect situations to CPS(an average of 28% versus 15% who would not report the abuse situations). Also, in both114 The SDS questionnaire asked sentinels to select all applicable responses from a list of alternatives,which included reporting the situation to CPS. Table 8–6 provides the percentages of sentinels who didnot choose the “report to CPS” option.115 The “Limitations” discussion in Chapter 7 (§7.2) is relevant here as well.8–41
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
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males more often were abusers (62%
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maltreated children to enter CPS in
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with Harm Standard maltreatment and
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differences in maltreatment rates r
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1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
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Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
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• The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
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these with the percentages that rec
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Rationale. Although CPS investigate
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eveal the maltreatment to persons i
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Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
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CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
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Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
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5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
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were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
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Moderate harm. Children residing in
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Second, because multiple persons so
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hierarchy comprises other adults kn
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Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
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with the fact that mothers tend to
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Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
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perpetrator relationship, with the
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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
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classification hierarchy. If more t
Page 217 and 218: neglected. That is, when school sen
Page 219 and 220: NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
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Page 223 and 224: schools and social services agencie
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Page 227: that influence sentinels’ respons
Page 230 and 231: 8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
Page 232 and 233: Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
Page 234 and 235: Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
Page 236 and 237: CPS investigated more than one-half
Page 238 and 239: Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
Page 240 and 241: children recognized at shelters, al
Page 242 and 243: Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
Page 244 and 245: Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
Page 246 and 247: Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
Page 248 and 249: Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
Page 250 and 251: maltreated children. With these chi
Page 252 and 253: during the extra month but were alr
Page 254 and 255: Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
Page 256 and 257: columns, providing the presumptive
Page 258 and 259: determining whether the child would
Page 260 and 261: Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
Page 262 and 263: 8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
Page 264 and 265: investigation rates were lower for
Page 266 and 267: Prioritizing recommended responses
Page 270 and 271: columns, the educational neglect pe
Page 273 and 274: 9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
Page 275 and 276: sliding scales for the poorer child
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
Page 279 and 280: Youth and Families, Administration
Page 281 and 282: U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
Page 283 and 284: Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
Page 285 and 286: weighted the records (so the sample
Page 287 and 288: design. The measure of size was the
Page 289 and 290: optimal sample sizes from law enfor
Page 291 and 292: CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
Page 293 and 294: SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
Page 295 and 296: Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
Page 297 and 298: DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
Page 299 and 300: Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
Page 301 and 302: • The nature of harm (injuries to
Page 303 and 304: The evaluative coders recorded thes
Page 305 and 306: Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
Page 307 and 308: probability-based matching software
Page 309 and 310: WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
Page 311 and 312: eport the child to CPS, which in tu
Page 313 and 314: Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
Page 315 and 316: CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
Page 317 and 318: • 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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