Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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The NIS–4 used three primary data collection instruments: the CPS Maltreatmentdata form, the CPS Summary data form, and the Sentinel data form. CPS agencies used the CPSMaltreatment data form to provide details concerning the children and maltreatment events for asample of cases reported to the agency during the study reference period that they accepted forinvestigation. They used the CPS Summary data form to capture primarily demographicinformation on the remaining, unsampled cases, for use in unduplication. Sentinels used theSentinel data form for all children they suspected were maltreated during the reference period.The CPS Maltreatment and Sentinel data forms collected many of the same details, but differedin format: the Sentinel data form described a single child, whereas the CPS data form describedall children in the household, since CPS agencies typically organize records around householdlevelinvestigations rather than around individual children.During training, sentinels and CPS agency staff were given booklets with generalinstructions, definitions, and item-by-item specifications for completing their data forms. Localcoordinators reinforced the sentinels’ role in the study through regular agency visits. Localcoordinators visited 70% of the agencies biweekly and 18% of the agencies every three weeks ormonthly. Four percent of the agencies permitted the local coordinator fewer than three visitsduring the reference period or did not allow the local coordinator on site. (For 8%, records onfrequency of visits were incomplete.)Both CPS agencies and sentinels had multiple options for submitting data to theNIS–4. Almost all CPS agencies submitted their summary data via electronic file uploads andabout one-half also submitted a portion or all of the case maltreatment details electronically. TheNIS–4 collected completed Maltreatment data forms on 10,667 sampled cases and Summary dataon all 140,206 listed cases. 2 Sentinels could submit hardcopy data forms or complete data formsonline. They provided almost one-half of Sentinel data forms online. Table A–5 shows the1,094 participating agencies, 10,791 sentinels, and 6,208 completed data forms submitted bysentinel agency type.2 These covered the 3-month reference periods. The NIS–4 collected an additional 38,398 CPS Summary DataForms for cases reported to CPS during the extra month.A-15
Table A–5. Participating Sentinel Agencies, Sentinels, and Data Formsby Agency TypeAgency Type Agencies Sentinels Data FormsCounty Sheriff/State PoliceJuvenile ProbationMunicipal PoliceHospitalsPublic HealthSocial Service/Mental HealthSheltersDay CareSchoolsPublic Housing445463105826071176423163133644998533402541236247,372495742516061,986268198403591,84518Total 1,094 10,791 6,208At the end of data collection, local coordinators contacted each sentinel one finaltime to collect any outstanding data forms; they also completed an exit evaluation form assessingthe sentinel’s level of commitment and enthusiasm for the study. Local coordinators rated 35%of sentinels as “enthusiastic and supportive” or “cooperated with interest” and 46% as“cooperative.” They classified 13% as begrudging or unresponsive. The sentinel agency did notpermit local coordinators direct contact with 3% of sentinels, and 2% of sentinels had no ratingsinformation. Statisticians examined these ratings and determined that, except for classifying 3sentinels as nonrespondents, no additional adjustments to sentinel weights were needed.A-16
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
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males more often were abusers (62%
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maltreated children to enter CPS in
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with Harm Standard maltreatment and
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differences in maltreatment rates r
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1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
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Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
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• The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
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these with the percentages that rec
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Rationale. Although CPS investigate
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eveal the maltreatment to persons i
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Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
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CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
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Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
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5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
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were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
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Moderate harm. Children residing in
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Second, because multiple persons so
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hierarchy comprises other adults kn
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Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
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with the fact that mothers tend to
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Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
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perpetrator relationship, with the
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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
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classification hierarchy. If more t
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neglected. That is, when school sen
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NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
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largest contributor in this sector,
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schools and social services agencie
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maltreatment situations only to CPS
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that influence sentinels’ respons
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8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
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Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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CPS investigated more than one-half
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Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
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children recognized at shelters, al
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Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
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Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
Page 248 and 249: Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
Page 250 and 251: maltreated children. With these chi
Page 252 and 253: during the extra month but were alr
Page 254 and 255: Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
Page 256 and 257: columns, providing the presumptive
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Page 260 and 261: Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
Page 262 and 263: 8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
Page 264 and 265: investigation rates were lower for
Page 266 and 267: Prioritizing recommended responses
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Page 270 and 271: columns, the educational neglect pe
Page 273 and 274: 9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
Page 275 and 276: sliding scales for the poorer child
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
Page 279 and 280: Youth and Families, Administration
Page 281 and 282: U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
Page 283 and 284: Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
Page 285 and 286: weighted the records (so the sample
Page 287 and 288: design. The measure of size was the
Page 289 and 290: optimal sample sizes from law enfor
Page 291 and 292: CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
Page 293 and 294: SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
Page 295 and 296: Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
Page 297: DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
Page 301 and 302: • The nature of harm (injuries to
Page 303 and 304: The evaluative coders recorded thes
Page 305 and 306: Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
Page 307 and 308: probability-based matching software
Page 309 and 310: WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
Page 311 and 312: eport the child to CPS, which in tu
Page 313 and 314: Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
Page 315 and 316: CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
Page 317 and 318: • 52 agencies provided their own
Page 319 and 320: SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
Page 321 and 322: The first surveys were mailed in Ma
Page 323 and 324: TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
Page 325 and 326: TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
Page 327 and 328: TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
Page 329 and 330: TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
Page 331 and 332: TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
Page 333 and 334: TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
Page 335 and 336: TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
Page 337 and 338: TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
Page 339 and 340: TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
Page 341 and 342: TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
Page 343 and 344: TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
Page 345 and 346: Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
Page 347 and 348: TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)