Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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ChapterPage3.2.4 Specific Categories of Endangerment StandardNeglect ........................................................................... 3-193.2.5 Severity of Outcomes from Endangerment StandardMaltreatment.................................................................. 3-214 DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLECT BY CHILD CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................... 4-14.1 Sex Differences in the Incidence of Maltreatment .................... 4-24.1.1 Sex Differences in Harm Standard Maltreatment ......... 4-24.1.2 Sex Differences in Endangerment Standard Maltreatment.................................................................. 4-44.2 Age Differences in the Incidence of Maltreatment.................... 4-74.2.1 Age Differences in Harm Standard Maltreatment ......... 4-74.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerment Standard Maltreatment.................................................................. 4-134.3 Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Incidence of Maltreatment.............................................................................. 4-224.3.1 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Harm Standard Maltreatment................................................... 4-224.3.2. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Endangerment Standard Maltreatment................................................... 4-264.4 Differences in the Incidence of Maltreatment Related to Child’s Disability Status ............................................................ 4-304.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard Maltreatment Related to Child’s Disability Status............................... 4-314.4.2 Differences in Endangerment StandardMaltreatment Related to Child’s Disability Status ........ 4-324.5 Differences in the Incidence of Maltreatment Related to Child’s Enrollment in School..................................................... 4-354.5.1 Differences in Harm Standard Maltreatment Related to Child’s Enrollment in School ....................... 4-364.5.2 Differences in Endangerment Standard Maltreatment Related to Child’s Enrollment in School ....................... 4-385 DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLECT BYFAMILY CHARACTERISTICS........................................................... 5-15.1 Differences in the Incidence of Maltreatment Related toParents’ Employment................................................................. 5-25.1.1 Differences in Harm Standard Maltreatment Related to Parents’ Employment................................................. 5-2ii
ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Maltreatment under theEndangerment Standard Related to Parents’Employment Status ........................................................ 5-65.2 Differences in the Incidence of Maltreatment Related to Socioeconomic Status (SES)...................................................... 5-105.2.1 Differences in Harm Standard Maltreatment Related to Socioeconomic Status (SES) ..................................... 5-115.2.2 Differences in Endangerment Standard Maltreatment Related to Socioeconomic Status (SES) ........................ 5-145.3 Differences in the Incidence of MaltreatmentRelated to Family Structure and Living Arrangement............... 5-185.3.1 Differences in Incidence of Harm Standard Maltreatment Related to Family Structure and Living Arrangement....................................................... 5-195.3.2 Differences in the Incidence of EndangermentStandard Maltreatment Related to Family Structureand Living Arrangement................................................ 5-305.4 Differences in the Incidence of Maltreatment Relatedto Grandparents as Caregivers ................................................... 5-395.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard MaltreatmentRelated to Grandparents as Caregivers.......................... 5-405.4.2 Differences in Endangerment Standard Maltreatment Related to Grandparents as Caregivers ... 5-415.5 Family Size Differences in the Incidence of Maltreatment ....... 5-435.5.1 Family Size Differences in Harm Standard Maltreatment.................................................................. 5-435.5.2 Family Size Differences in Endangerment StandardMaltreatment ................................................................. 5-465.6 Differences in the Incidence of Maltreatment Related to Metropolitan Status (Metrostatus) of County of Residence ...... 5-525.6.1 Differences in Harm Standard Maltreatment Relatedto Metropolitan Status (Metrostatus) of County ofResidence ....................................................................... 5-535.6.2 Differences in Endangerment Standard MaltreatmentRelated to Metropolitan Status (Metrostatus)of County of Residence.................................................. 5-566 PERPETRATOR CHARACTERISTICS .............................................. 6-16.1 Perpetrators of Maltreatment ..................................................... 6-16.2 Perpetrator’s Relationship to the Child...................................... 6-36.2.1 Perpetrator’s Relationship to the Child for DifferentMaltreatment Categories ............................................... 6-4iii
Page 1 and 2: Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
Page 3 and 4: Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
Page 5: TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
Page 13 and 14: Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
Page 17 and 18: In the NIS classifications, maltrea
Page 19 and 20: 3. The National Incidence of Child
Page 21 and 22: (36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
Page 23 and 24: maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
Page 25 and 26: details that would exclude legitima
Page 27 and 28: Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
Page 29 and 30: males more often were abusers (62%
Page 31 and 32: maltreated children to enter CPS in
Page 33 and 34: with Harm Standard maltreatment and
Page 35 and 36: differences in maltreatment rates r
Page 37 and 38: 1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
Page 39 and 40: Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
Page 41 and 42: • The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
Page 43: these with the percentages that rec
Page 46 and 47: Rationale. Although CPS investigate
Page 48 and 49: eveal the maltreatment to persons i
Page 50 and 51: Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
Page 52 and 53: CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
Page 54 and 55: format: the Sentinel data form desc
Page 56 and 57:
3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
Page 62 and 63:
the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
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Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
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5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
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were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
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Moderate harm. Children residing in
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Second, because multiple persons so
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hierarchy comprises other adults kn
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Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
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with the fact that mothers tend to
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Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
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perpetrator relationship, with the
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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
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classification hierarchy. If more t
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neglected. That is, when school sen
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NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
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largest contributor in this sector,
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schools and social services agencie
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maltreatment situations only to CPS
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that influence sentinels’ respons
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8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
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Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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CPS investigated more than one-half
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Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
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children recognized at shelters, al
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Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
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Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
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Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
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maltreated children. With these chi
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during the extra month but were alr
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Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
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columns, providing the presumptive
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determining whether the child would
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Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
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8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
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investigation rates were lower for
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Prioritizing recommended responses
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maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
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columns, the educational neglect pe
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
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sliding scales for the poorer child
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REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
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Youth and Families, Administration
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
Page 283 and 284:
Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
Page 289 and 290:
optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
Page 295 and 296:
Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
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The evaluative coders recorded thes
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Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)