Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not vary with their perpetrator’s relationship.exception was physical neglect. 95 Figure 6–1 graphs the pattern.The oneFigure 6–1.Race/ethnicity of Neglected Children by Their Most Closely RelatedPerpetrator.The majority of children who were neglected by their biological parent werewhite, whereas children neglected by a nonbiological parent or parents’ partner werepredominantly Black. Like white children, Hispanic children are more prevalent amongthose whose biological parents neglect them than among children neglected bynonbiological parents (21% versus 11%).6.6Perpetrator’s Alcohol Use, Drug Use, and Mental Illness asFactors in the MaltreatmentThe NIS–4 added systematic questions about the perpetrator’s alcohol use,drug use, or mental illness, so analyses could examine the extent to which sentinels orCPS investigators considered these issues to be factors in the maltreatment. Figures 6–295 Sample sizes were too small in some cells to support reliable tests of the relationship in specific neglectcategories.6-14
through 6–6 give the percentages of children whose maltreatment involved their mostclosely related perpetrator’s alcohol use, drug use, or mental illness. The percentagesinclude children under factors that applied to all their perpetrators in the closest-relatedcategory. For example a child who was emotionally abused by two biological parents,one of whom was known to have used alcohol and the other of whom used drugs, isincluded under emotional abuse (and all abuse, and all maltreatment) in both thepercentage of children whose perpetrator used alcohol and the percentage of childrenwhose perpetrator used drugs.Figure 6–2 shows the percentages of children whose perpetrator’s alcoholuse, drug use, or mental illness was believed to be a factor in their Harm Standardmaltreatment, abuse, or neglect. The perpetrator’s alcohol use and drug use wereapproximately equivalent factors in the maltreatment of children with any Harm Standardmaltreatment (11.4% and 10.8%, respectively) and in neglect (12.1% and 12.5%,respectively). In contrast, the perpetrator’s alcohol use was implicated in the abuse ofmore maltreated children (12.7%) than was perpetrator’s drug use (9.5%). The graphshows that the perpetrator’s mental illness was a less common factor in Harm Standardmaltreatment and that it was essentially equally involved in both abuse and neglect (7.1%and 7.7%, respectively). 96Figure 6–3 shows the involvement of perpetrator problems in specificcategories of Harm Standard abuse. Their perpetrator’s alcohol use was more prevalentin children’s physical abuse than were the other two perpetrator problems (11.1% versus6.8% or less); a higher percentage of physically abused children had perpetrators withdrug use than with mental illness (6.8% versus 4.5%). In contrast, children who aresexually abused are about equally likely to have perpetrators using alcohol and drugs(8.4% and 9.1%, respectively), but appear less likely to have perpetrators who arementally ill. The situations of emotionally abused children are quite different. Substantialpercentages of emotionally abused children have perpetrators with these problems. Onesixthof the emotionally abused children had perpetrators who used drugs (16.7%) and anequal percentage were emotionally abused by mentally ill perpetrators. Their96 As noted earlier, all analyses in this chapter concern the child’s most closely related perpetrator(s). If theanalyses concerning the involvement of drug use, alcohol use, and mental illness had considered allperpetrators, the results would be essentially the same as those reported here. For instance, consideringall perpetrators, the percentages in Figure 6–2 would be 11.7% for alcohol involvement (higher by 0.3%from the 11.4% in the figure), 11.2% for drug involvement (higher by 0.4% from the 1he 10.8% in thefigure), and 7.3% for mental illness (higher by 0.1% from the 7.2% given in the figure).6-15
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
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males more often were abusers (62%
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maltreated children to enter CPS in
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with Harm Standard maltreatment and
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differences in maltreatment rates r
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1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
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Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
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• The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
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these with the percentages that rec
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Rationale. Although CPS investigate
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eveal the maltreatment to persons i
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Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
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CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
Page 156 and 157: higher, the rate for children whose
Page 158 and 159: maltreatment at a reliably higher r
Page 160 and 161: Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
Page 162 and 163: 5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
Page 164 and 165: Specific Categories of Endangerment
Page 166 and 167: Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
Page 168 and 169: living with a single parent who had
Page 170 and 171: oth parents showed much smaller cha
Page 172 and 173: child’s primary caregiver, when t
Page 174 and 175: Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
Page 176 and 177: in households with two children), a
Page 178 and 179: per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
Page 180 and 181: two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
Page 182 and 183: Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
Page 184 and 185: Endangered. The estimated incidence
Page 186 and 187: Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
Page 188 and 189: 5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
Page 190 and 191: were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
Page 192 and 193: Moderate harm. Children residing in
Page 194 and 195: Second, because multiple persons so
Page 196 and 197: hierarchy comprises other adults kn
Page 198 and 199: Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
Page 200 and 201: with the fact that mothers tend to
Page 202 and 203: Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
Page 204 and 205: perpetrator relationship, with the
Page 208 and 209: perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
Page 210 and 211: More of the moderately harmed child
Page 213 and 214: 7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
Page 215 and 216: classification hierarchy. If more t
Page 217 and 218: neglected. That is, when school sen
Page 219 and 220: NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
Page 221 and 222: largest contributor in this sector,
Page 223 and 224: schools and social services agencie
Page 225 and 226: maltreatment situations only to CPS
Page 227: that influence sentinels’ respons
Page 230 and 231: 8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
Page 232 and 233: Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
Page 234 and 235: Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
Page 236 and 237: CPS investigated more than one-half
Page 238 and 239: Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
Page 240 and 241: children recognized at shelters, al
Page 242 and 243: Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
Page 244 and 245: Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
Page 246 and 247: Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
Page 248 and 249: Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
Page 250 and 251: maltreated children. With these chi
Page 252 and 253: during the extra month but were alr
Page 254 and 255: Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
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columns, providing the presumptive
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determining whether the child would
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Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
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8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
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investigation rates were lower for
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Prioritizing recommended responses
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maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
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columns, the educational neglect pe
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
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sliding scales for the poorer child
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REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
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Youth and Families, Administration
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
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Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
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optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
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Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
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The evaluative coders recorded thes
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Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)