Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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Table 7–1. Sources Recognizing Maltreated Children Who Fit the Harm Standard in the NIS–4(2005–2006) and Comparisons with the Estimated Numbers from Different Sourcesin the NIS–3 (1993)Source Recognizing theMaltreatmentInvestigatory Sentinel Agencies:NIS–4: 2005–2006 NIS–3: 1993TotalNo. ofChildrenRate per1,000ChildrenTotalNo. ofChildrenRate per1,000ChildrenJuvenile Probation 35,500 0.5 36,600 0.5 nsPolice/Sheriff 152,200 2.1 111,500 1.7 nsPublic Health 23,800 0.3 27,500 0.4 nsInvestigatory Agency Subtotal: 211,400 2.9 175,600 2.6 nsOther Sentinel Agencies:Hospitals 134,200 1.8 113,200 1.7 nsSchools 648,800 8.8 920,000 13.7 *Day care Centers 65,500 0.9 59,700 0.9 nsMental Health Agencies 1 59,000 0.8 50,900 0.8 nsSocial Service Agencies 2 18,000 0.2 96,000 1.4 *Shelters 12,800 0.2 N/A N/A --Public Housing 1,500 0.02 N/A N/A --Other Sentinel Agency Subtotal: 3 939,800 12.8 1,239,800 18.5 mAll Sentinel Sources: 4 1,151,300 15.8 1,415,400 21.1 mOther Sources (only through CPS):DSS/Welfare Department 18,500 0.3 15,000 0.2 nsOther Professional or Agency 11,200 0.2 7,000 0.1 mAll Other Sources 75,600 1.0 116,400 1.7 *Other (CPS-only) Subtotal: 105,300 1.4 138,400 2.1 *ALL MALTREATMENT 5 1,256,600 17.1 1,553,800 23.1 m* The difference between the NIS–3 and the NIS–4 recognition rates is significant at or below the pp>.05).ns The difference between the NIS–3 and the NIS–4 recognition rates is neither significant nor marginal (p>.10).Note: Estimated totals are rounded to the nearest 100.1Mental Health and Social Service Agencies are shown separately but have always been sampled together as a single category.2The cross study comparison included children reported by shelters in this category in NIS–4 (an estimated 30,800 children, or0.4 per 1,000), because shelters were included under Social Services in the past studies.3The cross-study comparison included 938,300 children (12.7 per 1,000) in this category in NIS–4, excluding Public Housing.4The cross-study comparison included 1,149,800 children (15.6 per 1,000) in this category in NIS–4, excluding Public Housing.5The cross-study comparison included 1,255,100 children (17 per 1,000) in this category for NIS–4, excluding Public Housing.7-6
NIS–4 estimates and rates per 1,000 children for these new sources of recognition, but thecross-study comparisons adjust for their different statuses in the different NIS cycles, asthe table footnotes describe.Investigatory agencies’ recognition of Harm Standard maltreatment did notchange since the NIS–3. However, rates of recognizing these maltreated children atschools and at social service agencies decreased significantly. Staff at social serviceagencies decreased their recognition of children maltreated according to the HarmStandard by 70% since the NIS–3, while the recognition of children by school personneldropped by 36%. Recognition rates for the “Other Sentinel Agencies” and the “AllSentinel Sources” decreased marginally from the NIS–3 to the NIS–4 (from 18.5 to 12.8children per 1,000 and from 21.1 to 15.8 children per 1,000, respectively). Among CPSonlysources, the recognition contribution from the general public decreased significantly.Since this group accounts for the largest proportion of the CPS-only category, the overallCPS-only category also showed a significant decrease of 33% between the NIS–4 and theNIS–3. Finally, a statistically marginal decrease occurred in the “Other Professional orAgency” category.7.1.2 Sources Recognizing Children Maltreated under theEndangerment StandardFigure 7–2 shows the sources that recognized children who met the criteriafor Endangerment Standard maltreatment. These categories are mutually exclusive, withchildren included in the estimate in only one recognition source, which was assignedaccording to the same classification hierarchy described earlier in Section 7.1.1.Figure 7–2 indicates that the staff in the investigatory agencies (juvenileprobation, law enforcement, and public health) recognized 24% of the estimated totalnumber of children who experienced Endangerment Standard maltreatment during theNIS–4 study year. Similar to the Harm Standard findings, staff in law enforcement(municipal police or sheriffs’ departments) recognized the highest percentage of children,19% of all maltreated children. Sentinels in other, non-investigatory agencies (hospitals,schools, day care centers, mental health, social services, shelters, and public housing)contributed almost two-thirds (63%) of the total maltreated children. Altogether, the NIS7-7
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
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males more often were abusers (62%
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maltreated children to enter CPS in
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with Harm Standard maltreatment and
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differences in maltreatment rates r
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1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
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Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
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• The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
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these with the percentages that rec
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Rationale. Although CPS investigate
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eveal the maltreatment to persons i
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Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
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CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
Page 168 and 169: living with a single parent who had
Page 170 and 171: oth parents showed much smaller cha
Page 172 and 173: child’s primary caregiver, when t
Page 174 and 175: Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
Page 176 and 177: in households with two children), a
Page 178 and 179: per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
Page 180 and 181: two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
Page 182 and 183: Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
Page 184 and 185: Endangered. The estimated incidence
Page 186 and 187: Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
Page 188 and 189: 5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
Page 190 and 191: were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
Page 192 and 193: Moderate harm. Children residing in
Page 194 and 195: Second, because multiple persons so
Page 196 and 197: hierarchy comprises other adults kn
Page 198 and 199: Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
Page 200 and 201: with the fact that mothers tend to
Page 202 and 203: Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
Page 204 and 205: perpetrator relationship, with the
Page 206 and 207: earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
Page 208 and 209: perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
Page 210 and 211: More of the moderately harmed child
Page 213 and 214: 7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
Page 215 and 216: classification hierarchy. If more t
Page 217: neglected. That is, when school sen
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Page 223 and 224: schools and social services agencie
Page 225 and 226: maltreatment situations only to CPS
Page 227: that influence sentinels’ respons
Page 230 and 231: 8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
Page 232 and 233: Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
Page 234 and 235: Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
Page 236 and 237: CPS investigated more than one-half
Page 238 and 239: Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
Page 240 and 241: children recognized at shelters, al
Page 242 and 243: Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
Page 244 and 245: Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
Page 246 and 247: Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
Page 248 and 249: Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
Page 250 and 251: maltreated children. With these chi
Page 252 and 253: during the extra month but were alr
Page 254 and 255: Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
Page 256 and 257: columns, providing the presumptive
Page 258 and 259: determining whether the child would
Page 260 and 261: Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
Page 262 and 263: 8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
Page 264 and 265: investigation rates were lower for
Page 266 and 267: Prioritizing recommended responses
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maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
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columns, the educational neglect pe
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
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sliding scales for the poorer child
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REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
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Youth and Families, Administration
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
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Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
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optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
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Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
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The evaluative coders recorded thes
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Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)