Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS–4)

significant. Whereas the rate increased by 21% for single-parent children, it decreased by18% for children living with two parents.Figure 5–15.Percent Changes since NIS–3 in Rates of Specific Categories ofEndangerment Standard Neglect by Family Structure.Severity of outcomes from Endangerment Standard maltreatment. AsFigure 5–16 shows, the changes in the incidence of children with serious harm, moderateharm, and inferred harm from Endangerment Standard maltreatment, and of children whowere endangered by their maltreatment differed significantly by family structure. In allcases, the rates for children living with one parent increased. In contrast, the rates forchildren living with two parents decreased in three outcome categories (serious,moderate, and inferred harm). Although the incidence of endangered two-parent childrenincreased, this rate increase was much smaller than the rate increase for single-parentchildren in this outcome category (6% versus 50%, respectively).5.4Differences in the Incidence of Maltreatment Related toGrandparents as CaregiversThis section describes the relationship between whether or not children hadgrandparents as caregivers in their household and their incidence of abuse and neglect.The analyses classified children on the basis of whether the information identified agrandparent as a caregiver for the children in the household. The NIS–4 only identified agrandparent as a child’s caregiver under three conditions: when the grandparent was the5–39