Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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Prioritizing recommended responses to referrals. Children whoexperienced Harm Standard physical abuse were investigated significantly more often inthe jurisdiction of CPS agencies that did not prioritize responses to referrals (75%) thanin jurisdictions where CPS did prioritize responses (55%). Educationally neglectedchildren were more likely to receive CPS investigation in jurisdictions of agencies thatdid not prioritize responses (23%) than in jurisdictions where CPS did prioritizeresponses (8%), a statistically marginal difference.Agency characteristics not related to CPS investigation rates. Analysesfound no significant relationship between investigation rates and several agencycharacteristics or practices, including whether or not the agency• Maintained a record of all calls;• Had sole responsibility for screening;• Had a mandated limit on caseload size;• Covered calls during off-hours (nights and weekends); and• Had a dedicated investigation unit or investigation workers. 1138.5Sentinels’ Reporting to CPSThe foregoing sections of this chapter indicated that substantial percentagesof maltreated children do not receive CPS investigation and explored how investigationrates relate to CPS agencies’ screening policies, structure and practices. This sectionconsiders how sentinels’ non-reporting may contribute to the sector of maltreatedchildren who did not receive a CPS investigation of their maltreatment.As Chapter 2 described, sentinels in the main NIS also participated in theSentinel Definitions Survey (SDS) (McPherson and Sedlak, 2010). The first section of theSDS asked sentinels about their training on mandated reporting, their specific agency’spolicies governing CPS reporting, and their personal experiences in reporting to CPS.The second section of the SDS presented a series of vignettes representing the113This last characteristic marginally related to the rate of investigation of Harm Standard abuse, with theinvestigation rate higher in jurisdictions with no dedicated investigation unit/workers.8–38
maltreatment situations that NIS classifies as countable and includes in the studyestimates. Respondents indicated how they would respond to the circumstance describedin each vignette, including whether they would report the situation to CPS.8.5.1 Sentinels’ Training on Child Abuse and Neglect ReportingRequirementsNearly two-thirds (67%) of sentinels said they had received writteninformation about child abuse and neglect reporting requirements while working in theircurrent agencies. Just over one-half (52%) of sentinels had attended a workshop ortraining on child abuse and neglect reporting. Taken together, about three-fourths (76%)of the sentinels participating in the SDS reported that they had either received writteninstructions or attended a workshop about their state’s reporting requirements, leavingabout one-fourth (24%) who had neither form of training while working in their currentagencies.Training was significantly related to sentinels’ reports to CPS, which aredescribed below. Sentinels who indicated they had received training at their currentagency (whether written materials or a workshop or other training session) were morelikely to say they had reported suspected child maltreatment (67% versus 53%) whileworking at their current agency.Of those who had received written information, more than one-fourth (27%)reported that it had been more than two years since they last received it. Of those whosaid they had attended a workshop or other training session while working at their currentagency, more than one-third (36%) said this had been more than two years earlier.8.5.2 Agencies’ Policies on Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting andSentinels’ Reporting HistoriesIn order to better understand sentinels’ actual reporting of child maltreatment,the SDS also obtained information about the sentinels’ reporting histories and theiragencies’ policies on whether they permitted employees to make direct reports to CPS.Overall, 86% of the sentinels said their agencies allowed them to report child8–39
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
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males more often were abusers (62%
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maltreated children to enter CPS in
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with Harm Standard maltreatment and
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differences in maltreatment rates r
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1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
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Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
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• The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
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these with the percentages that rec
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Rationale. Although CPS investigate
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eveal the maltreatment to persons i
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Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
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CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
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Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
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5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
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were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
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Moderate harm. Children residing in
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Second, because multiple persons so
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hierarchy comprises other adults kn
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Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
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with the fact that mothers tend to
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Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
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perpetrator relationship, with the
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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
Page 215 and 216: classification hierarchy. If more t
Page 217 and 218: neglected. That is, when school sen
Page 219 and 220: NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
Page 221 and 222: largest contributor in this sector,
Page 223 and 224: schools and social services agencie
Page 225 and 226: maltreatment situations only to CPS
Page 227: that influence sentinels’ respons
Page 230 and 231: 8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
Page 232 and 233: Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
Page 234 and 235: Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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Page 238 and 239: Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
Page 240 and 241: children recognized at shelters, al
Page 242 and 243: Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
Page 244 and 245: Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
Page 246 and 247: Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
Page 248 and 249: Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
Page 250 and 251: maltreated children. With these chi
Page 252 and 253: during the extra month but were alr
Page 254 and 255: Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
Page 256 and 257: columns, providing the presumptive
Page 258 and 259: determining whether the child would
Page 260 and 261: Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
Page 262 and 263: 8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
Page 264 and 265: investigation rates were lower for
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Page 270 and 271: columns, the educational neglect pe
Page 273 and 274: 9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
Page 275 and 276: sliding scales for the poorer child
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
Page 279 and 280: Youth and Families, Administration
Page 281 and 282: U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
Page 283 and 284: Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
Page 285 and 286: weighted the records (so the sample
Page 287 and 288: design. The measure of size was the
Page 289 and 290: optimal sample sizes from law enfor
Page 291 and 292: CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
Page 293 and 294: SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
Page 295 and 296: Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
Page 297 and 298: DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
Page 299 and 300: Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
Page 301 and 302: • The nature of harm (injuries to
Page 303 and 304: The evaluative coders recorded thes
Page 305 and 306: Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
Page 307 and 308: probability-based matching software
Page 309 and 310: WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
Page 311 and 312: eport the child to CPS, which in tu
Page 313 and 314: Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
Page 315 and 316: CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)