Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED CHILDRENThis chapter examines the sources that recognize maltreated children asabused or neglected. The initial sections address the following questions for childrenwho experienced Harm Standard and Endangerment Standard maltreatment:• What sources, in agencies or in the general community, encounteredthese children and recognized their maltreatment?• What changes have occurred since the NIS–3 in the numbers ofmaltreated children that different sources identified?The last section reports on and considers the implications of findings fromthe Sentinel Definitions Study for NIS coverage of the maltreated child population.• What types of maltreatment situations do sentinels say they wouldsubmit to a national study such as the NIS? What situations would theysubmit to CPS but not to the study? Are there situations they would notsubmit to either venue (neither the NIS nor CPS)?• What do these answers suggest about how well the NIS estimates coverthe population of children who experience different types ofmaltreatment?7.1Sources Recognizing Abused and Neglected ChildrenThis section examines the sources that recognized abused and neglectedchildren in the NIS–4 and considers how recognition patterns have changed since theNIS–3. It first reports the recognition sources for children who experienced HarmStandard maltreatment, and then focuses on the sources that recognized children whosemaltreatment fit the Endangerment Standard. In this context, the term “recognition”subsumes both encountering maltreated children and identifying them as maltreated.As in previous chapters, all estimates reflect unduplicated numbers ofchildren in the United States who experienced the type of maltreatment in question(Harm Standard or Endangerment Standard). The unit of measurement is the child andeach estimate counts each child only once. The tables in this section give estimates both7-1
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
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males more often were abusers (62%
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maltreated children to enter CPS in
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with Harm Standard maltreatment and
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differences in maltreatment rates r
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1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
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Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
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• The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
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these with the percentages that rec
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Rationale. Although CPS investigate
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eveal the maltreatment to persons i
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Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
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CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
Page 162 and 163: 5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
Page 164 and 165: Specific Categories of Endangerment
Page 166 and 167: Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
Page 168 and 169: living with a single parent who had
Page 170 and 171: oth parents showed much smaller cha
Page 172 and 173: child’s primary caregiver, when t
Page 174 and 175: Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
Page 176 and 177: in households with two children), a
Page 178 and 179: per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
Page 180 and 181: two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
Page 182 and 183: Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
Page 184 and 185: Endangered. The estimated incidence
Page 186 and 187: Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
Page 188 and 189: 5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
Page 190 and 191: were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
Page 192 and 193: Moderate harm. Children residing in
Page 194 and 195: Second, because multiple persons so
Page 196 and 197: hierarchy comprises other adults kn
Page 198 and 199: Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
Page 200 and 201: with the fact that mothers tend to
Page 202 and 203: Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
Page 204 and 205: perpetrator relationship, with the
Page 206 and 207: earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
Page 208 and 209: perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
Page 210 and 211: More of the moderately harmed child
Page 214 and 215: in terms of the total numbers of ch
Page 216 and 217: Figure 7-1.Sources that Recognized
Page 218 and 219: Table 7-1. Sources Recognizing Malt
Page 220 and 221: sentinels recognized an estimated 8
Page 222 and 223: Table 7-2. Sources Recognizing Malt
Page 224 and 225: data on those cases if CPS screens
Page 226 and 227: as the NIS. Figure 7-3 shows that o
Page 229 and 230: 8. INVESTIGATING ABUSED AND NEGLECT
Page 231 and 232: eported the child to CPS or because
Page 233 and 234: ased on the most serious harm they
Page 235 and 236: Less than one-third of the children
Page 237 and 238: Figure 8-5 shows that CPS investiga
Page 239 and 240: As Chapter 7 described (§7.1.1), t
Page 241 and 242: NIS-4, a significant increase. By c
Page 243 and 244: Figure 8-9.CPS Investigation of Mal
Page 245 and 246: Figure 8-10.Changes in Investigatio
Page 247 and 248: ate is still marginally lower than
Page 249 and 250: Sentinels in only three non-investi
Page 251 and 252: 8.2 Investigation Rates with an Ext
Page 253 and 254: screened these children in for CPS
Page 255 and 256: emaining children include those who
Page 257 and 258: As reported at the outset of this c
Page 259 and 260: Figure 8-16.Uninvestigated Maltreat
Page 261 and 262: Similar to the patterns for the mor
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neglect, and educational neglect. E
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Table 8-4. CPS Investigation Rates
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maltreatment situations that NIS cl
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8.5.3 Sentinels’ Expectations Abo
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Finally, the fact that an overall a
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emotional neglect incidence may pre
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suspected maltreatment. Also, child
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Landis, R.J., Lepkowski, J.M, Eklun
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Administration on Children, Youth a
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U.S. Department of Agriculture, Eco
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OVERVIEW The fourth National Incide
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SAMPLES The NIS target population i
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Sentinel agencies. Sentinel agency
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Table A-1. Definitions of Eligible
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From September 2004 through Septemb
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with larger weights are those in sm
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Table A-3. Sentinel Agency Particip
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The NIS-4 used three primary data c
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EVALUATIVE CODING The purpose of ev
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Table A-6. NIS-4 60-form Typology f
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Evaluative coding statistics. The e
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UNDUPLICATION NIS provides estimate
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Table A-11. Unduplication Results f
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Second, population adjustment facto
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CPS STRUCTURE AND PRACTICES MAIL SU
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The survey achieved a 98 percent re
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• assign the case for agency asse
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coder independently processed 429 c
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strategy, additional follow-up ques
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Appendix B Harm Standard Estimates
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TABLE B-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE B-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE B-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE B-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE B-9.PROPORTION OF HARM STANDA
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE B-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE B-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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TABLE C-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE C-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE C-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 4 O
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TABLE C-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE C-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix D Comparisons of Subgroups
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Table D-1. T-statistics for sex dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 3-5 vs 6-8
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 12-14 vs 15
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 3-5 vs 15-1
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Table D-5. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-7. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-9. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedOther Married
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Table D-11. ContinuedSingle Parent,
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Table D-12. ContinuedOther Married
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Table D-13. T-statistics for grandp
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Table D-15. ContinuedTwo Children v
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Table D-16. ContinuedTwo Children v
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Table D-18. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-20. Chi-squared Results for
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Appendix E Comparisons Between the
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specific characteristics used the R
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Table E-2a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E-3. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-4. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Abus
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Table E-5. (Continued)Severity, Ser
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Table E-6. (Continued)Sexual AbuseO
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Table E-6. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E-7. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-8. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-9. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-10. Chi-squared tables for
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ne
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Table E.11. (Continued)Emotional Ne
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Table E-15. T-statistics for Source
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