Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The national estimates derive from weighted totals of the sampled children,with each child’s weight based on the probability of having selected the source thatreported the child to the study. The final weights are complex because they:• account for the differential selection probabilities for the sample unitsat each successive sampling stage;• compensate for agency nonresponse, and for incomplete or partialparticipation by sentinels and CPS agencies;• adjust for multiple probabilities of identifying the same maltreated childthrough multiple reports to CPS or through multiple sentinel sources;and• include an annualization multiplier to allow the reference-period data torepresent a full-year and to account for seasonality differences betweenthe two study reference periods (fall 2005, spring 2006).Base weights and base weight adjustments. For each sample unit in thestudy (county, agency, sentinel, and case), the base weight is the reciprocal of theprobability of including the unit in the sample. The NIS–4 also applied special weightingadjustments, including adjustments to ensure that study estimates are accurate relative tothe size and distribution of the child population at the time of the NIS–4 referenceperiods, taking into account that the U.S. child population was larger during the NIS–4reference periods than it was at the time of the 2000 census (when sampling probabilitieswere set) and that the distribution had shifted somewhat as well (especially as a result ofhurricanes Katrina and Rita).Nonresponse adjustments. Adjusting base weights for nonresponsecompensated for lost data. The NIS–4 had three types of nonresponse: nonparticipatingsentinel agencies, refusals or incomplete participation by sentinels, and missing CPS14Appendix A summarizes the NIS–4 weighting and estimation procedures. The NIS–4 Analysis Report(Sedlak, Mettenburg, Winglee et al., 2010) provides additional detail.2–16
Maltreatment forms on sampled cases. These adjustments enlarged the weights forparticipating entities to make up for the loss of similar, nonparticipating entities.Multiplicity adjustments. The unduplication process identified andremoved multiple forms on the same child, as described above, ensuring that just a singlerecord on the child entered the final analyses. The process of unifying a single record torepresent the child included the calculation of a unified weight for the child as well. Theunified weight summarized the probability of having sampled a duplicated child,correcting for the fact that the child entered the study through multiple sources.Annualization adjustments. The NIS–4 gathered data for two 3-monthstudy reference periods. Agencies participated in either the 3-month fall reference periodor in the 3-month spring reference period. The annualization adjustments enabled thedata from the two 3-month reference periods to provide estimates that reflect the numbersof children who experienced maltreatment over the course of 12-months during 2005—2006. The NIS–4 annualization adjustments used data from the National Child Abuseand Neglect Data System (NCANDS) on substantiated children in the NIS–4 counties.The NCANDS data provided four adjustment factors, two for children maltreated duringeach reference period (fall or spring), depending on the source that reported the child toCPS (school versus other sources). 15The Design and Methods Summary (Appendix A) provides additionalinformation about the weighting process, with further details available in the AnalysisReport (Sedlak, Mettenburg, Winglee et al., 2010).2.7Data AnalysisThe principal NIS–4 findings are estimates of totals and rates: the totalnumber of maltreated children in the U.S. and the rate of maltreated children per 1,000 in15 The NIS targets children maltreated or reported to CPS during the reference period in question. Incontrast, NCANDS annual data files include cases based on the date that CPS assigned a disposition.Thus, in order to reflect all children reported to CPS during the 2005 calendar year, it was necessary tointegrate data from two NCANDS fiscal year files: 2005 and 2006.2–17
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
Page 13 and 14: Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
Page 17 and 18: In the NIS classifications, maltrea
Page 19 and 20: 3. The National Incidence of Child
Page 21 and 22: (36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
Page 23 and 24: maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
Page 25 and 26: details that would exclude legitima
Page 27 and 28: Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
Page 29 and 30: males more often were abusers (62%
Page 31 and 32: maltreated children to enter CPS in
Page 33 and 34: with Harm Standard maltreatment and
Page 35 and 36: differences in maltreatment rates r
Page 37 and 38: 1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
Page 39 and 40: Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
Page 41 and 42: • The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
Page 43: these with the percentages that rec
Page 46 and 47: Rationale. Although CPS investigate
Page 48 and 49: eveal the maltreatment to persons i
Page 50 and 51: Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
Page 52 and 53: CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
Page 54 and 55: format: the Sentinel data form desc
Page 56 and 57: 3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
Page 58 and 59: each child substantiated by CPS or
Page 62 and 63: the population. The estimated total
Page 64 and 65: 2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
Page 67 and 68: 3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
Page 69 and 70: 3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
Page 71 and 72: 3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
Page 73 and 74: children represent 58% of all child
Page 75 and 76: From inadequate supervision to the
Page 77 and 78: 3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
Page 79 and 80: interpreted as less serious than mo
Page 81 and 82: considered to be endangered by thei
Page 83 and 84: totals represent national incidence
Page 85 and 86: Changes since 1986 in the incidence
Page 87 and 88: The NIS-3 found significant increas
Page 89 and 90: Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
Page 91 and 92: 4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
Page 93 and 94: Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
Page 95 and 96: Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
Page 97 and 98: 4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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Page 103 and 104: 4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
Page 105 and 106: Physical abuse. The incidence of En
Page 107 and 108: Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
Page 109 and 110: Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
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Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
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5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
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were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
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Moderate harm. Children residing in
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Second, because multiple persons so
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hierarchy comprises other adults kn
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Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
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with the fact that mothers tend to
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Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
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perpetrator relationship, with the
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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
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classification hierarchy. If more t
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neglected. That is, when school sen
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NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
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largest contributor in this sector,
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schools and social services agencie
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maltreatment situations only to CPS
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that influence sentinels’ respons
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8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
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Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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CPS investigated more than one-half
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Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
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children recognized at shelters, al
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Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
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Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
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Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
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maltreated children. With these chi
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during the extra month but were alr
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Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
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columns, providing the presumptive
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determining whether the child would
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Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
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8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
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investigation rates were lower for
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Prioritizing recommended responses
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maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
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columns, the educational neglect pe
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
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sliding scales for the poorer child
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REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
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Youth and Families, Administration
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
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Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
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optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
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Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
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The evaluative coders recorded thes
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Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)