Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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maltreatment at a reliably higher rate than those living with one parent without a partner(33.0 versus 14.8 children per 1,000), a statistically marginal difference.Inferred harm. 75 Although the rates of this outcome appear small, therelative differences across the subgroups are considerable and statistically reliable.Children living in any circumstance other than with their two married biological parentshad significantly higher risks of inferred harm from Harm Standard maltreatmentcompared to children living with their two married biological parents. Consistent withthe patterns for other categories of maltreatment and outcome, the highest risk was forchildren whose single parent had an unmarried partner (3.3 per 1,000). These childrenexperienced maltreatment that warranted the inference they were harmed at 33 times therate of children living with two married biological parents.Changes since the NIS–3 in the Distribution of Harm StandardMaltreatment Related to Family StructureThe NIS–3 did not obtain information about marital status or the presence ofan unmarried partner, so analyses could only assess changes in the incidence of HarmStandard maltreatment in relation to whether one or two parents were present in thehousehold. Further, because the NIS–3 included too few sample children who lived withneither parent to provide reliable estimates for most maltreatment categories, 76 thebetween-study analyses compared changes in maltreatment rates for two categories ofchildren: those living with two parents and those living with a single parent. 77Harm Standard maltreatment. Figure 5–5 shows significant changes sincethe NIS–3 in the overall incidence of Harm Standard maltreatment in relation to thisbinary family structure classification. Whereas incidence rates increased for children75 Except for children who lived with a single parent who had no partner, estimates for children in all otherconditions are less reliable because each derives from fewer than 100 sample children.76 NIS–3 data include fewer than 100 sample children who meet the Harm Standard requirements.Endangerment Standard estimates in the NIS–4 derive from fewer than 100 sample children in all but twocategories: overall maltreatment and all abuse.77 The definition of “parent” here includes step-parents and adoptive parents as well as all biologicalparents, regardless of their marital status. Appendix E provides the actual estimates and results of thestatistical tests.5–26
living with one parent, they decreased for children living with two parents. For childrenliving with a single parent, the rate of overall Harm Standard maltreatment increased by30%, abuse increased by 22%, and neglect increased by 36%. At the same time, theserates decreased for children living with both parents, by 39%, 42%, and 33%,respectively.Figure 5–5.Percent Changes since NIS–3 in Rates of Harm Standard Maltreatment,Abuse, and Neglect by Family Structure.Abuse. Figure 5–6 presents the changes since the NIS–3 in specificcategories of Harm Standard abuse that were related to family structure. Family structurewas significantly related to the changes in rates of Harm Standard sexual abuse andemotional abuse, while for physical abuse the relationship is statistically marginal. Hereagain, the figure indicates increased incidence rates for children living with one parentand decreased rates for those living with two parents. Rates of maltreatment for childrenwith one parent increased for Harm Standard physical abuse by 14%, for sexual abuse by49%, and for emotional abuse by 43%. Rates in these same categories decreased forchildren living with two parents, by 24% in physical abuse, by 62% in sexual abuse, andby 48% in emotional abuse.5–27
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
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males more often were abusers (62%
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maltreated children to enter CPS in
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with Harm Standard maltreatment and
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differences in maltreatment rates r
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1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
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Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
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• The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
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these with the percentages that rec
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Rationale. Although CPS investigate
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eveal the maltreatment to persons i
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Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
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CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
Page 107 and 108: Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
Page 109 and 110: Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
Page 111 and 112: Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
Page 113 and 114: significantly higher than that for
Page 115 and 116: Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
Page 117 and 118: Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
Page 119 and 120: Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
Page 121 and 122: 4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
Page 123 and 124: Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
Page 125 and 126: Thus, the incidence rate for childr
Page 127 and 128: Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
Page 129 and 130: Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
Page 131: Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
Page 134 and 135: 5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
Page 136 and 137: more than 2 times the rate for chil
Page 138 and 139: inferring that they were harmed. Th
Page 140 and 141: Specific Categories of Endangerment
Page 142 and 143: Endangered. The estimated incidence
Page 144 and 145: families. The incidence rate for ch
Page 146 and 147: Educational neglect. Children in fa
Page 148 and 149: The incidence rate of Endangerment
Page 150 and 151: Endangered. Children in families of
Page 152 and 153: Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
Page 154 and 155: Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
Page 156 and 157: higher, the rate for children whose
Page 160 and 161: Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
Page 162 and 163: 5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
Page 164 and 165: Specific Categories of Endangerment
Page 166 and 167: Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
Page 168 and 169: living with a single parent who had
Page 170 and 171: oth parents showed much smaller cha
Page 172 and 173: child’s primary caregiver, when t
Page 174 and 175: Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
Page 176 and 177: in households with two children), a
Page 178 and 179: per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
Page 180 and 181: two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
Page 182 and 183: Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
Page 184 and 185: Endangered. The estimated incidence
Page 186 and 187: Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
Page 188 and 189: 5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
Page 190 and 191: were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
Page 192 and 193: Moderate harm. Children residing in
Page 194 and 195: Second, because multiple persons so
Page 196 and 197: hierarchy comprises other adults kn
Page 198 and 199: Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
Page 200 and 201: with the fact that mothers tend to
Page 202 and 203: Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
Page 204 and 205: perpetrator relationship, with the
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
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classification hierarchy. If more t
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neglected. That is, when school sen
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NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
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largest contributor in this sector,
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schools and social services agencie
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maltreatment situations only to CPS
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that influence sentinels’ respons
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8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
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Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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CPS investigated more than one-half
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Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
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children recognized at shelters, al
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Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
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Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
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Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
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maltreated children. With these chi
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during the extra month but were alr
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Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
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columns, providing the presumptive
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determining whether the child would
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Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
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8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
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investigation rates were lower for
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Prioritizing recommended responses
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maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
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columns, the educational neglect pe
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
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sliding scales for the poorer child
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REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
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Youth and Families, Administration
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
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Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
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optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
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Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
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The evaluative coders recorded thes
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Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)