Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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specific characteristics used the RS3 probability levels, as recommended by the WesVardevelopers (Westat, 2007).It should be noted that all statistics were calculated on measures of incidence rates,since the incidence rate measures took into account any differences in overall population sizebetween the 1986 and 1993 studies and also equated the different comparison subgroups (e.g.,different age groups, different income groups, etc.) for differences in their relative numbers inthe general population.ReferencesRao, J.N.K. and Scott, A.J. (1981). The analysis of categorical data from complex samplesurveys: Chi-Squared tests for goodness of fit and independence in two-way tables.Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76, 221-230.Rao, J.N.K. and Scott, A.J. (1984). On Chi-Squared tests formultiway contingency tables withcell proportions estimated from survey data. Annals of Statistics, 12, 46-60.Westat, Inc. (2007). WesVar 4.3 User’s Guide. Rockville, MD. Available online athttp://www.westat.com/westat/statistical_software/WesVar/pdf/WV_4-3_Manual.pdfE–ii
Table E-1a. T-statistics for comparisons between NIS-4 and NIS-3 incidence ratesfor Harm Standard maltreatmentT-ValueAll Maltreatment1.5040 dAll Abuse1.9247 cPhysical Abuse1.3456 dSexual Abuse2.0528 cEmotional Abuse1.6186 dAll Neglect 0.9491Physical Neglect 0.8337Emotional Neglect 0.7195Educational Neglect 0.6374Severity, Fatal 0.5981Severity, Serious 1.0050Severity, Moderate 1.2521Severity, Inferred3.3569 aTable E-1b. T-statistics for comparisons between NIS-4 and NIS-2 incidence ratesfor Harm Standard maltreatmentT-ValueAll MaltreatmentAll AbusePhysical AbuseSexual AbuseEmotional AbuseAll NeglectPhysical NeglectEmotional NeglectEducational Neglect0.79990.47220.18800.15880.80421.3411 d1.5915 d5.2494 a0.2459 Alpha LevelsSeverity, Fatal1.4710 d a: 0.001Severity, Serious5.5393 a b: 0.010Severity, Moderate0.7188 c: 0.050Severity, Inferred2.1268 c d: 0.100E-1
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
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males more often were abusers (62%
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maltreated children to enter CPS in
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with Harm Standard maltreatment and
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differences in maltreatment rates r
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1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
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Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
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• The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
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these with the percentages that rec
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Rationale. Although CPS investigate
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eveal the maltreatment to persons i
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Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
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CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
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Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
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5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
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were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
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Moderate harm. Children residing in
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Second, because multiple persons so
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hierarchy comprises other adults kn
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Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
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with the fact that mothers tend to
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Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
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perpetrator relationship, with the
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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
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classification hierarchy. If more t
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neglected. That is, when school sen
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NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
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largest contributor in this sector,
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schools and social services agencie
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maltreatment situations only to CPS
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that influence sentinels’ respons
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8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
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Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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CPS investigated more than one-half
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Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
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children recognized at shelters, al
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Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
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Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
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Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
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maltreated children. With these chi
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during the extra month but were alr
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Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
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columns, providing the presumptive
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determining whether the child would
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Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
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8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
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investigation rates were lower for
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Prioritizing recommended responses
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maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
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columns, the educational neglect pe
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
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sliding scales for the poorer child
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REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
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Youth and Families, Administration
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
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Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
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optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
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Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
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The evaluative coders recorded thes
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Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
Page 355 and 356: TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
Page 357 and 358: TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
Page 359 and 360: TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
Page 361 and 362: TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
Page 363 and 364: TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
Page 365 and 366: TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
Page 367 and 368: TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
Page 369 and 370: APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
Page 371 and 372: Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
Page 373 and 374: Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
Page 375 and 376: Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
Page 377 and 378: Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
Page 379 and 380: Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
Page 381 and 382: Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
Page 383 and 384: Table D-11. T-statistics for family
Page 385 and 386: Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
Page 387 and 388: Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
Page 389 and 390: Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
Page 395 and 396: Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
Page 397 and 398: Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
Page 405: APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
Page 409 and 410: Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
Page 411 and 412: Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
Page 413 and 414: Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
Page 415 and 416: Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
Page 417 and 418: Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
Page 419 and 420: Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
Page 421 and 422: Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
Page 423 and 424: Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
Page 425 and 426: Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
Page 427 and 428: Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
Page 429 and 430: Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
Page 431 and 432: Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
Page 433 and 434: Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
Page 435 and 436: Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
Page 437 and 438: Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
Page 455: Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)