Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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CPS STRUCTURE AND PRACTICES MAIL SURVEY (SPM)The CPS Structure and Practices Mail Survey (SPM) is a NIS–4 supplementarystudy, designed to assist in interpreting the main study findings. The SPM was modeled after theLocal Agency Survey (LAS) in the National Study of Child Protective Service and ReformEfforts, which was conducted in 2002 with CPS agencies in 375 counties in the United States.The SPM used a slightly modified version of the LAS questionnaire.The principal purposes of the SPM are to provide a basis for understanding thefindings of the NIS–4 main study by identifying differences in local CPS agency structures andpractices that relate to• local differences in CPS investigation coverage, and• differences in rates of abuse and neglect the agencies’ jurisdictions.The SPM questionnaire included 4 modules, each focused on a specific CPSfunction: Administration, Screening/Intake, Investigation, and Alternative CPS Response. TableA–12 lists the topics covered in each module. Survey instructions were to describe the agency’sorganization and practices as they were during the NIS–4 reference period. The instructions alsospecified that the person(s) most knowledgeable about the topics covered in a given moduleshould complete the survey questions. Respondents were told that, if they encountered anyquestion beyond the scope of their knowledge, they should consult with persons who couldprovide the most informed response.The SPM surveys were mailed to CPS agencies only after firm agreements toparticipate were in place and the agency had determined who on their staff would complete orcoordinate their agency's responses to the SPM survey modules. Because the SPM schedulefollowed CPS recruitment for the main NIS–4 study and that recruitment occurred over anextended period, the SPM data collection period was also lengthy. The first set of SPM mailingsoccurred in February 2006 and the last completed survey was returned in May 2007.After the initial mailing, there were a number of follow-up contacts, depending onthe agency’s responses and circumstances: to verify that they received the survey, to providethem another copy, to ask about its status and about when they would return the completedmodules. To facilitate progress in some agencies, the survey was administered via telephone.A-29
Table A–12. Topics Covered in the 4 SPM ModulesModule 1: Administration/ organizationnumber of staff, their education and years of experiencebudget for CPS activitieswhether any CPS staff were located in satellite offices or in other agencieswhether a citizen review panel or community board reviewed local agency practicewhether the agency contracted with other agencies to provide any CPS functionswhether the agency collaborated with other agencies in providing CPS servicesModule 2: Screening/Intakewhether the agency had specialized screening/intake workersthe number of staff who handled the screening/intake functions during the NIS–4 reference periodwhether the agency experienced an excessive screening/intake workload during the NIS–4 reference periodthe relative rank of referral sources according to the volume of referrals they provided to the agencywhether any referrals came from a state hotline and if so what percent of referrals the hotline providedmechanism(s) for handling calls during non-business hours and from non-English speakerswhether the agency maintained records on all calls receivedwhether the agency shared responsibility for screening referrals with any other agencywhat the available response options were for different types of referralswhether the agency prioritized responses to referralswhether the agency had any mandated limit on caseload size when responding to referralswhat response options were available for screened-out referralswhether the agency automatically accepted referrals from certain types of reportersModule 3: Investigationwhether the agency had specialized investigation workerswhether different workers conducted screening/intake and investigationsthe number of staff who handled the investigation functions during the NIS–4 reference periodpreferences for assigning workers with different experiences depending on the referred child or householdwhether the agency experienced an excessive investigative workload during the NIS–4 reference periodthe agency’s role in investigating different types of maltreatment and different kinds of perpetratorsstandard activities of workers who investigate referralsstandard activities during investigation for different types of casesthe agency’s use of structured instruments or tools during the investigation processfactors considered in determining whether maltreatment had occurred or the child was at risk of maltreatmentfactors that present problems for the agency in completing investigations in a timely and accurate manneractions taken after a determination that maltreatment had occurredtreatment of investigations that are not completed within the time frame specified by agency policyprovision of short term services after an investigation is completedModule 4: Alternative CPS Response (if applicable)objective of the alternative response as it operated during the NIS–4 reference perioddifferences between the agency’s investigation response and the alternative responsenumbers of alternative response cases and children handled during the NIS–4 reference periodwhether the children receiving alternative response were alleged victims of maltreatment in the referralwhether the agency had specialized alternative response workerswhether workers conducting alternative response are different from those conducting other CPS functionsthe number of staff who handled the alternative response function during the NIS–4 reference periodwhether the agency experienced an excessive alternative response workload during the NIS–4 reference periodthe agency’s methods for managing excessive workload demandsthe agency’s role in providing the alternative response to referrals involving different types of maltreatmentcriteria used to assign cases to alternative responsestandard activities of workers who conduct the alternative responsethe agency’s use of structured instruments or tools during the alternative responsefactors that present problems for the agency in conducting the alternative responseservices provided as part of the alternative responseA-30
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
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males more often were abusers (62%
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maltreated children to enter CPS in
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with Harm Standard maltreatment and
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differences in maltreatment rates r
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1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
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Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
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• The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
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these with the percentages that rec
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Rationale. Although CPS investigate
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eveal the maltreatment to persons i
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Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
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CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
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Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
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5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
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were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
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Moderate harm. Children residing in
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Second, because multiple persons so
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hierarchy comprises other adults kn
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Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
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with the fact that mothers tend to
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Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
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perpetrator relationship, with the
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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
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classification hierarchy. If more t
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neglected. That is, when school sen
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NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
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largest contributor in this sector,
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schools and social services agencie
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maltreatment situations only to CPS
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that influence sentinels’ respons
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8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
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Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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CPS investigated more than one-half
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Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
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children recognized at shelters, al
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Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
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Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
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Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
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maltreated children. With these chi
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during the extra month but were alr
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Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
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columns, providing the presumptive
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determining whether the child would
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Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
Page 262 and 263: 8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
Page 264 and 265: investigation rates were lower for
Page 266 and 267: Prioritizing recommended responses
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Page 270 and 271: columns, the educational neglect pe
Page 273 and 274: 9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
Page 275 and 276: sliding scales for the poorer child
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
Page 279 and 280: Youth and Families, Administration
Page 281 and 282: U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
Page 283 and 284: Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
Page 285 and 286: weighted the records (so the sample
Page 287 and 288: design. The measure of size was the
Page 289 and 290: optimal sample sizes from law enfor
Page 291 and 292: CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
Page 293 and 294: SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
Page 295 and 296: Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
Page 297 and 298: DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
Page 299 and 300: Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
Page 301 and 302: • The nature of harm (injuries to
Page 303 and 304: The evaluative coders recorded thes
Page 305 and 306: Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
Page 307 and 308: probability-based matching software
Page 309 and 310: WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
Page 311: eport the child to CPS, which in tu
Page 315 and 316: CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
Page 317 and 318: • 52 agencies provided their own
Page 319 and 320: SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
Page 321 and 322: The first surveys were mailed in Ma
Page 323 and 324: TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
Page 325 and 326: TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
Page 327 and 328: TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
Page 329 and 330: TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
Page 331 and 332: TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
Page 333 and 334: TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
Page 335 and 336: TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
Page 337 and 338: TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
Page 339 and 340: TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
Page 341 and 342: TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
Page 343 and 344: TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
Page 345 and 346: Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
Page 347 and 348: TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
Page 349 and 350: TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
Page 351 and 352: TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
Page 353 and 354: TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
Page 355 and 356: TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
Page 357 and 358: TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
Page 359 and 360: TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
Page 361 and 362: TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)