Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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FigurePage5–4 Incidence of Outcomes from Harm Standard Maltreatment byFamily Structure and Living Arrangement............................................ 5-255– 5 Percent Changes since NIS–3 in Rates of Harm StandardMaltreatment, Abuse, and Neglect by Family Structure........................ 5-275–6 Percent Changes since NIS–3 in Rates of Specific Categoriesof Harm Standard Abuse by Family Structure....................................... 5-285–7 Percent Changes since NIS–3 in Rates of Specific Categoriesof Harm Standard Neglect by Family Structure .................................... 5-295–8 Percent Changes since NIS–3 in Severity of Outcomes fromHarm Standard Maltreatment by Family Structure................................ 5-295–9 Incidence of Endangerment Standard Maltreatment by FamilyStructure and Living Arrangement ........................................................ 5-305– 10 Incidence of Endangerment Standard Abuse by FamilyStructure and Living Arrangement ........................................................ 5-325–11 Incidence of Endangerment Standard Neglect by FamilyStructure and Living Arrangement ........................................................ 5-345–12 Incidence of Outcomes from Endangerment StandardMaltreatment by Family Structure and Living Arrangement ................ 5-355–13 Percent Changes since NIS–3 in Rates of EndangermentStandard Maltreatment, Abuse, and Neglect by Family Structure ........ 5-375–14 Percent Changes since NIS–3 in Rates of Specific Categories ofEndangerment Standard Abuse by Family Structure............................. 5-385– 15 Percent Changes since NIS–3 in Rates of Specific Categories ofEndangerment Standard Neglect by Family Structure........................... 5-395–16 Percent Changes since NIS–3 in Severity of Outcomes fromEndangerment Standard Maltreatment by Family Structure ................. 5-405–17 Incidence of Harm Standard Maltreatment by Family Size................... 5-445–18 Severity of Outcomes from Harm Standard Maltreatmentby Family Size ....................................................................................... 5-455–19 Changes since NIS–3 in the Incidence of Inferred Harm fromHarm Standard Maltreatment Related to Family Size ........................... 5-475– 20 Incidence of Endangerment Standard Overall Maltreatment,Abuse, and Neglect by Family Size....................................................... 5-485–21 Incidence of Specific Categories of Endangerment StandardMaltreatment by Family Size................................................................. 5-495–22 Severity of Outcomes from Endangerment StandardMaltreatment by Family Size................................................................. 5-515–23 Incidence of Harm Standard Abuse by County Metrostatus ................. 5-545–24 Incidence of Harm Standard Neglect and of Serious Harm fromHarm Standard Maltreatment by County Metrostatus........................... 5-555– 25 Incidence of Endangerment Standard Maltreatment by CountyMetrostatus............................................................................................. 5-56viii
Figure5–265–275–286–16–26–36–46–56–67–17–27–38–18–28–38–48–58–68–78–8Incidence of Specific Categories of Endangerment StandardAbuse by County Metrostatus................................................................Incidence of Specific Categories of Endangerment StandardNeglect by County Metrostatus .............................................................Outcomes from Endangerment Standard Maltreatment byCounty Metrostatus................................................................................Race/ethnicity of Neglected Children by Their Most CloselyRelated Perpetrator.................................................................................Perpetrator Problems in Overall Harm Standard Maltreatment,Abuse, and Neglect ................................................................................Perpetrator Problems in Specific Categories of Harm StandardAbuse .....................................................................................................Perpetrator Problems in Specific Categories of Harm Standard NeglectPerpetrator Problems in Maltreatment of Children With DifferentLevels of Harm ......................................................................................Perpetrator’s Problems in Harm Standard Maltreatment byPerpetrator’s Relationship to the Child..................................................Sources that Recognized Children Who Experienced HarmStandard Maltreatment...........................................................................Sources that Recognized Children Who ExperiencedEndangerment Standard Maltreatment ..................................................Responses to Maltreatment Vignettes in the SDS by SentinelGroups....................................................................................................Changes in Rates of CPS Investigation of Children with HarmStandard Maltreatment...........................................................................CPS Investigation of Maltreated Children in the NIS–4, by HarmStandard Maltreatment Category and Severity of Harm........................Changes in Investigation Rates for Harm Standard Abuse AcrossNIS Cycles .............................................................................................Changes in Investigation Rates for Harm Standard Neglect AcrossNIS Cycles .............................................................................................Changes in Investigation Rates for Children by the Severity ofTheir Most Serious Harm from Harm Standard MaltreatmentAcross NIS Cycles .................................................................................CPS Investigation of Children with Harm Standard Maltreatmentin the NIS–4, by Recognition Source ....................................................Changes since NIS–3 in Investigation Rates of Harm StandardChildren by Recognition Source............................................................Changes in Rates of CPS Investigation of Children withEndangerment Standard Maltreatment ..................................................Page5-575-585-596-146-166-166-176-186-197-47-87-148-48-68-78-88-98-108-138-14ix
Page 1 and 2: Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
Page 3 and 4: Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
Page 7 and 8: ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
Page 11: LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
Page 17 and 18: In the NIS classifications, maltrea
Page 19 and 20: 3. The National Incidence of Child
Page 21 and 22: (36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
Page 23 and 24: maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
Page 25 and 26: details that would exclude legitima
Page 27 and 28: Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
Page 29 and 30: males more often were abusers (62%
Page 31 and 32: maltreated children to enter CPS in
Page 33 and 34: with Harm Standard maltreatment and
Page 35 and 36: differences in maltreatment rates r
Page 37 and 38: 1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
Page 39 and 40: Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
Page 41 and 42: • The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
Page 43: these with the percentages that rec
Page 46 and 47: Rationale. Although CPS investigate
Page 48 and 49: eveal the maltreatment to persons i
Page 50 and 51: Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
Page 52 and 53: CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
Page 54 and 55: format: the Sentinel data form desc
Page 56 and 57: 3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
Page 58 and 59: each child substantiated by CPS or
Page 60 and 61: 2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
Page 62 and 63:
the population. The estimated total
Page 64 and 65:
2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
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Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
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5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
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were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
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Moderate harm. Children residing in
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Second, because multiple persons so
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hierarchy comprises other adults kn
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Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
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with the fact that mothers tend to
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Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
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perpetrator relationship, with the
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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
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classification hierarchy. If more t
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neglected. That is, when school sen
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NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
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largest contributor in this sector,
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schools and social services agencie
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maltreatment situations only to CPS
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that influence sentinels’ respons
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8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
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Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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CPS investigated more than one-half
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Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
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children recognized at shelters, al
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Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
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Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
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Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
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maltreated children. With these chi
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during the extra month but were alr
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Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
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columns, providing the presumptive
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determining whether the child would
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Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
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8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
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investigation rates were lower for
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Prioritizing recommended responses
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maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
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columns, the educational neglect pe
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
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sliding scales for the poorer child
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REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
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Youth and Families, Administration
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
Page 283 and 284:
Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
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optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
Page 295 and 296:
Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
Page 303 and 304:
The evaluative coders recorded thes
Page 305 and 306:
Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)