Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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3.2 National Incidence of Endangerment Standard MaltreatmentThe Endangerment Standard estimates include all the Harm Standardchildren, but add others as well, by relaxing the definitional requirements in severalrespects. The central feature of the Endangerment Standard is that it includes childrenwho were not yet harmed by maltreatment, but who experienced abuse or neglect thatplaced them in danger of being harmed, according to the views of communityprofessionals or child protective service agencies. 32 In addition, the EndangermentStandard slightly enlarges the set of allowable perpetrators in several categories andincorporates additional maltreatment classifications, as explained below.The following sections each begin with the NIS–4 Endangerment Standardestimates. Following that, the discussion compares these Endangerment Standardestimates to the NIS–4 Harm Standard estimates given above, clarifying the distributionof the additional children that the Endangerment Standard includes. Each section thencompares the NIS–4 Endangerment Standard estimates to the NIS–3 and NIS–2Endangerment Standard findings.3.2.1 Overall Incidence of Endangerment Standard MaltreatmentTable 3–3 presents the Endangerment Standard incidence estimates. Theshaded section reports the NIS–4 estimates for the 2005–2006 study year. The right-handsections give the NIS–3 and NIS–2 estimates for comparison.The estimate of all maltreated children using the Endangerment Standardincludes the children who were abused or neglected in any of the categories listed. Inaddition, the Endangerment Standard measure of “All Maltreatment” subsumes a fewadditional forms of maltreatment allowable in this standard, including children32 Specifically, in order to qualify as “endangered,” the child’s maltreatment has to be substantiated orindicated by a child protective services (CPS) agency or the sentinel who submits the child to the studyhas to explicitly rate the child as having been endangered by the abuse or neglect described.3–14
considered to be endangered by their parents’ problems (such as alcoholism, drug abuse,prostitution). 33Table 3–3. National Incidence of Endangerment Standard Maltreatment in the NIS–4 (2005–2006), andComparison with the NIS–3 (1993) and the NIS–2 (1986) Endangerment Standard Estimates.Endangerment StandardMaltreatment CategoryALLMALTREATMENTABUSE:NIS–4 Estimates2005–2006Total No.ofChildrenRate per1,000ChildrenComparisons With Earlier StudiesNIS–3 Estimates1993Total No. Rate perof 1,000Children ChildrenNIS–2 Estimates1986Total No. Rate perof 1,000Children Children2,905,800 39.5 2,815,600 41.9 ns 1,424,400 22.6 *ALL ABUSE 835,000 11.3 1,221,800 18.2 * 590,800 9.4 mPhysical Abuse 476,600 6.5 614,100 9.1 * 311,500 4.9 *Sexual Abuse 180,500 2.4 300,200 4.5 * 133,600 2.1 nsEmotional Abuse 302,600 4.1 532,200 7.9 * 188,100 3.0 mNEGLECT:ALL NEGLECT 2,251,600 30.6 1,961,300 29.2 ns 917,200 14.6 *Physical Neglect 1,192,200 16.2 1,335,100 19.9 ns 507,700 8.1 *Emotional Neglect 1,173,800 15.9 584,100 8.7 * 203,000 3.2 *Educational Neglect † 360,500 4.9 397,300 5.9 ns 284,800 4.5 ns* The difference between this and the NIS–4 incidence rate is significant at pp>.05).The difference between this and the NIS–4 incidence rate is neither significant nor marginal (p>.10).Note: Estimated totals are rounded to the nearest 100.† Educational neglect is identical under the Harm and Endangerment Standards. It is included in both tablesbecause it is in the summary categories in both standards: All Neglect and All Maltreatment.33 Thus, the "All Maltreatment" category includes all children in the "All Abuse" total, all children in the"All Neglect" total, and also other children who were endangered by their parents’ problems.3–15
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
Page 29 and 30: males more often were abusers (62%
Page 31 and 32: maltreated children to enter CPS in
Page 33 and 34: with Harm Standard maltreatment and
Page 35 and 36: differences in maltreatment rates r
Page 37 and 38: 1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
Page 39 and 40: Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
Page 41 and 42: • The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
Page 43: these with the percentages that rec
Page 46 and 47: Rationale. Although CPS investigate
Page 48 and 49: eveal the maltreatment to persons i
Page 50 and 51: Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
Page 52 and 53: CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
Page 54 and 55: format: the Sentinel data form desc
Page 56 and 57: 3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
Page 58 and 59: each child substantiated by CPS or
Page 60 and 61: 2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
Page 62 and 63: the population. The estimated total
Page 64 and 65: 2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
Page 67 and 68: 3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
Page 69 and 70: 3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
Page 71 and 72: 3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
Page 73 and 74: children represent 58% of all child
Page 75 and 76: From inadequate supervision to the
Page 77 and 78: 3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
Page 79: interpreted as less serious than mo
Page 83 and 84: totals represent national incidence
Page 85 and 86: Changes since 1986 in the incidence
Page 87 and 88: The NIS-3 found significant increas
Page 89 and 90: Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
Page 91 and 92: 4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
Page 93 and 94: Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
Page 95 and 96: Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
Page 97 and 98: 4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
Page 101 and 102: graph shows, the incidence rate for
Page 103 and 104: 4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
Page 105 and 106: Physical abuse. The incidence of En
Page 107 and 108: Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
Page 109 and 110: Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
Page 111 and 112: Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
Page 113 and 114: significantly higher than that for
Page 115 and 116: Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
Page 117 and 118: Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
Page 119 and 120: Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
Page 121 and 122: 4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
Page 123 and 124: Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
Page 125 and 126: Thus, the incidence rate for childr
Page 127 and 128: Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
Page 129 and 130: Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
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Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
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5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
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were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
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Moderate harm. Children residing in
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Second, because multiple persons so
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hierarchy comprises other adults kn
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Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
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with the fact that mothers tend to
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Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
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perpetrator relationship, with the
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earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
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perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
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More of the moderately harmed child
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7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
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classification hierarchy. If more t
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neglected. That is, when school sen
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NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
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largest contributor in this sector,
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schools and social services agencie
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maltreatment situations only to CPS
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that influence sentinels’ respons
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8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
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Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
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CPS investigated more than one-half
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Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
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children recognized at shelters, al
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Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
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Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
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Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
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Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
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maltreated children. With these chi
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during the extra month but were alr
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Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
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columns, providing the presumptive
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determining whether the child would
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Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
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8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
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investigation rates were lower for
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Prioritizing recommended responses
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maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
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columns, the educational neglect pe
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
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sliding scales for the poorer child
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REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
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Youth and Families, Administration
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
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Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
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optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
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Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
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The evaluative coders recorded thes
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Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)