Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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Figure 8–1.Changes in Rates of CPS Investigation of Children withHarm Standard MaltreatmentFigure 8–1 also shows that the total number of maltreated children who areinvestigated per 1,000 children in the population has remained approximately level sincethe NIS–2, at 6.5 per 1,000 children in the NIS–2 and NIS–3 and at the statisticallyequivalent rate of 5.5 per 1,000 children in the NIS–4. Subsequent sections considervarious factors that may affect the investigation rate: sentinels not reporting maltreatedchildren to CPS, or CPS screening out reports on these children or assigning them for anon-investigation agency response.CPS Investigation Rates by Harm Standard Maltreatment Categoriesand the Nature and Severity of HarmFigure 8–2 shows the NIS–4 investigation rates for children with differentcategories of Harm Standard maltreatment and different levels of harm from theirmaltreatment. As in earlier chapters, children are included in every maltreatmentcategory that applied to them, but they are included in only one level of outcome severity,8–4
ased on the most serious harm they suffered from countable maltreatment. The figureexcludes children who died as a result of their maltreatment, because their numbers aretoo small to appear on the graph. The absolute sizes of the bars in the figure reflect thetotal number of children per 1,000 who experienced the maltreatment or harm noted. Thepercentage shown next to each category label indicates the portion of the bar on the leftside of the graph, reflecting the percentage in the category that CPS investigated.Categorizing children as having received CPS investigative attention is achild-level conclusion, not specifically associated with the specific categories ofmaltreatment they experienced. This means, for example, that educationally neglectedchildren who are classified as having been investigated by CPS may have beenmaltreated in multiple ways, and the CPS investigation may, in fact, have focused on oneof the other categories of maltreatment they suffered, not on their educational neglect.Thus, the extent of CPS investigation for each maltreatment category is a generousmeasure, including children who may have received a CPS investigation for somethingother than the specific maltreatment in question. 105Despite the fact that these percentages overstate the extent of CPSinvestigation, they are still notably low. As reported above, 32% of all childrencountable under the Harm Standard had their maltreatment investigated by CPS. Figure8–2 shows that one-half of all a children who experienced abuse were investigated.Slight majorities of children who were physically abused (53%) or sexually abused (55%)received an investigation. Emotionally abused children and neglected children had lowerrates of CPS investigation (36% and 20%, respectively). As previous NIS studies alsofound, educationally neglected children had the lowest investigation rate (9%).105 Moreover, the maltreatment that was the focus of the CPS investigation need not have been countableunder the study definitions.8–5
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
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males more often were abusers (62%
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maltreated children to enter CPS in
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with Harm Standard maltreatment and
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differences in maltreatment rates r
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1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
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Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
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• The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
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these with the percentages that rec
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Rationale. Although CPS investigate
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eveal the maltreatment to persons i
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Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
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CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
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child’s primary caregiver, when t
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Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
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in households with two children), a
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per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
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two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
Page 182 and 183: Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
Page 184 and 185: Endangered. The estimated incidence
Page 186 and 187: Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
Page 188 and 189: 5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
Page 190 and 191: were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
Page 192 and 193: Moderate harm. Children residing in
Page 194 and 195: Second, because multiple persons so
Page 196 and 197: hierarchy comprises other adults kn
Page 198 and 199: Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
Page 200 and 201: with the fact that mothers tend to
Page 202 and 203: Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
Page 204 and 205: perpetrator relationship, with the
Page 206 and 207: earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
Page 208 and 209: perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
Page 210 and 211: More of the moderately harmed child
Page 213 and 214: 7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
Page 215 and 216: classification hierarchy. If more t
Page 217 and 218: neglected. That is, when school sen
Page 219 and 220: NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
Page 221 and 222: largest contributor in this sector,
Page 223 and 224: schools and social services agencie
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Page 227: that influence sentinels’ respons
Page 230 and 231: 8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
Page 234 and 235: Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
Page 236 and 237: CPS investigated more than one-half
Page 238 and 239: Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
Page 240 and 241: children recognized at shelters, al
Page 242 and 243: Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
Page 244 and 245: Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
Page 246 and 247: Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
Page 248 and 249: Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
Page 250 and 251: maltreated children. With these chi
Page 252 and 253: during the extra month but were alr
Page 254 and 255: Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
Page 256 and 257: columns, providing the presumptive
Page 258 and 259: determining whether the child would
Page 260 and 261: Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
Page 262 and 263: 8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
Page 264 and 265: investigation rates were lower for
Page 266 and 267: Prioritizing recommended responses
Page 268 and 269: maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
Page 270 and 271: columns, the educational neglect pe
Page 273 and 274: 9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
Page 275 and 276: sliding scales for the poorer child
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
Page 279 and 280: Youth and Families, Administration
Page 281 and 282: U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
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Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
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optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
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Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
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The evaluative coders recorded thes
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Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)