Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NISâ4)

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Table 7–2. Sources Recognizing Maltreated Children Who Fit the Endangerment Standard in theNIS–4 (2005–2006), and Comparisons with Recognition Sources in the NIS–3 (1993)Source Recognizing theMaltreatmentInvestigatory Sentinel Agencies:NIS–4: 2005–2006 NIS–3: 1993TotalNo. ofChildrenRate per1,000ChildrenTotalNo. ofChildrenRate per1,000ChildrenJuvenile Probation 90,900 1.2 53,300 0.8 *Police/Sheriff 553,900 7.5 272,000 4.1 *Public Health 69,400 0.9 47,000 0.7 nsInvestigatory Agency Subtotal: 714,200 9.7 372,400 5.5 *Other Sentinel Agencies:Hospitals 370,600 5.0 181,300 2.7 nsSchools 1,112,900 15.1 1,510,700 22.5 *Day care Centers 127,300 1.7 138,000 2.1 nsMental Health Agencies 1 104,500 1.4 97,800 1.5 nsSocial Service Agencies 2 56,200 0.8 174,600 2.6 *Shelters 33,400 0.5 N/A N/A --Public Housing 5,800 0.1 N/A N/A --Other Sentinel Agency Subtotal: 3 1,810,600 24.6 2,102,500 31.3 nsAll Sentinel Sources: 4 2,524,800 34.3 2,474,800 36.9 nsOther Sources (only through CPS):DSS/Welfare Department 55,100 0.7 32,200 0.5 mOther Professional or Agency 25,500 0.3 12,900 0.2 *All Other Sources 300,400 4.1 295,700 4.4 nsOther Sources Subtotal: 381,000 5.2 340,800 5.1 nsALL MALTREATMENT 5 2,905,800 39.5 2,815,600 41.9 ns* The difference between the NIS–3 and the NIS–4 recognition rates is significant at or below the pp>.05).ns The difference between the NIS–3 and the NIS–4 recognition rates is neither significant nor marginal (p>.10).Note: Estimated totals are rounded to the nearest 100.1Mental Health and Social Service Agencies are shown separately but have always been sampled together as a single category.2The cross study comparison included children reported by shelters in this category in NIS–4, because shelters were includedunder Social Services in the past studies.3The cross-study comparison included 1,804,800 children (24.5 per 1,000) in this category in NIS–4, excluding Public Housing.4The cross-study comparison included 2,519,000 children (34.2 per 1,000) in this category in NIS–4, excluding Public Housing.5The cross-study comparison included 2,900,000 children (39.3 per 1,000) in this category for NIS–4, excluding Public Housing.7-10
schools and social services agencies. Schools recognized maltreatment at the rate of 22.5children per 1,000 in the NIS–3 but dropped by 33% in the NIS–4 to a rate of 15.1children per 1,000. Similarly, recognition by sentinels in social service agenciessignificantly decreased by more than one half (54%) since the NIS–3 (2.6 to 1.2 childrenper 1,000). 99 Sentinels’ Expected Responses to Maltreatment Situations and7.2the Implications for NIS CoverageThe Sentinel Definitions Study (SDS), as described in Chapter 2, surveyedsentinels about their expected reactions to the kinds of maltreatment situations covered inthe NIS, asking whether they would report these situations to CPS and whether theywould submit them to a national study such as the NIS (McPherson and Sedlak, 2010).The SDS respondents were participating sentinels in the NIS–4 and the SDS questionsrepresented the entire range of situations included in the NIS–4 maltreatment definitions.The SDS findings can, therefore, provide some insight into how well the NIS estimatescover the population of maltreated children.Sentinels are critical to the NIS because they are the only source ofinformation about maltreated children that CPS does not investigate. Moreover, aspresented in the preceding sections, sentinels recognize the majority of countablechildren. Overall, sentinel sources accounted for 92% of the children who experiencedHarm Standard maltreatment and 87% of those countable under the EndangermentStandard. The NIS receives sentinel-recognized children both directly from sentinels andthrough data on CPS investigations.NIS coverage of the population of maltreated children. How complete isNIS coverage of the maltreated children that sentinels encounter? The NIS has strongcoverage of cases that sentinels submit directly to the study. NIS coverage of cases thatthe sentinels report to CPS but do not submit to the study is mixed—NIS will only obtain99 The calculation of the change in social services used a combined total estimate of the children reportedby shelters and social service agencies (an estimate of 89,600 at a rate of 1.2 per 1,000 children).7-11
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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Fourth National Incidence Studyof C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPageEXECUTI
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ChapterPage5.1.2 Differences in Mal
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LIST OF TABLESTablePage2-1 NIS-4 60
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LIST OF FIGURESFigurePage2-1 Levels
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Figure5-265-275-286-16-26-36-46-56-
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis executive sum
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In the NIS classifications, maltrea
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3. The National Incidence of Child
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(36%, or 302,600 children) were emo
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maltreatment outcomes—rates of ch
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details that would exclude legitima
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Grandparents as caregivers. The NIS
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males more often were abusers (62%
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maltreated children to enter CPS in
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with Harm Standard maltreatment and
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differences in maltreatment rates r
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1. INTRODUCTIONThis report presents
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Incorporating the TAG input, DHHS d
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• The NIS-4 Data Collection Repor
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these with the percentages that rec
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Rationale. Although CPS investigate
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eveal the maltreatment to persons i
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Figure 2-3.Schematic Summary of the
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CPS recruitment. In order to undupl
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format: the Sentinel data form desc
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3. Purposive and Avoidable Acts/Omi
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each child substantiated by CPS or
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2.6 Weighting and Estimation 14The
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the population. The estimated total
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2.8 Supplementary StudiesThe NIS pr
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3. INCIDENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEG
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3.1.1 Overall Incidence of Harm Sta
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3.1.2 Incidence of Harm Standard Ab
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children represent 58% of all child
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From inadequate supervision to the
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3.1.5 Severity of Outcomes from Har
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interpreted as less serious than mo
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considered to be endangered by thei
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totals represent national incidence
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Changes since 1986 in the incidence
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The NIS-3 found significant increas
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Moderate harm. Moderate harm due to
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4. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUSE AND NEGLEC
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Sexual Abuse. Girls experienced Har
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Table 4-2. Sex Differences in Incid
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4.2 Age Differences in the Incidenc
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Figure 4-4.Age Differences in Incid
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graph shows, the incidence rate for
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4.2.2 Age Differences in Endangerme
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Physical abuse. The incidence of En
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Figure 4-11.Age Differences in the
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Figure 4-12.Percent Changes since t
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Endangered. Chapter 3 reported that
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significantly higher than that for
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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Overall Endangerment Standard Maltr
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Changes since the NIS-3 in Rates of
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4.4.1 Differences in Harm Standard
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Table 4-6. Differences Related to C
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Thus, the incidence rate for childr
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Overall Harm Standard MaltreatmentS
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Table 4-8. Differences Related to C
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Endangerment Standard maltreatment,
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5.1 Differences in the Incidence of
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more than 2 times the rate for chil
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inferring that they were harmed. Th
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Endangered. The estimated incidence
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families. The incidence rate for ch
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Educational neglect. Children in fa
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The incidence rate of Endangerment
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Endangered. Children in families of
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Figure 5-1.Incidence of Harm Standa
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Figure 5-2.Incidence of Harm Standa
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higher, the rate for children whose
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maltreatment at a reliably higher r
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Figure 5-6.Percent Changes since NI
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5.3.2 Differences in the Incidence
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Specific Categories of Endangerment
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Figure 5-11.Incidence of Endangerme
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living with a single parent who had
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oth parents showed much smaller cha
Page 172 and 173: child’s primary caregiver, when t
Page 174 and 175: Table 5-6. Differences in Incidence
Page 176 and 177: in households with two children), a
Page 178 and 179: per 1,000). Also, the rate of moder
Page 180 and 181: two children, 1.7 times the rate fo
Page 182 and 183: Emotional abuse. The incidence of E
Page 184 and 185: Endangered. The estimated incidence
Page 186 and 187: Figure 5-23.Incidence of Harm Stand
Page 188 and 189: 5.6.2 Differences in Endangerment S
Page 190 and 191: were 1.5 times more likely to be ph
Page 192 and 193: Moderate harm. Children residing in
Page 194 and 195: Second, because multiple persons so
Page 196 and 197: hierarchy comprises other adults kn
Page 198 and 199: Table 6-2 also reveals a marked dif
Page 200 and 201: with the fact that mothers tend to
Page 202 and 203: Table 6-4. Perpetrator's Sex by Sev
Page 204 and 205: perpetrator relationship, with the
Page 206 and 207: earlier (Chapter 4) and did not var
Page 208 and 209: perpetrator’s alcohol use was a f
Page 210 and 211: More of the moderately harmed child
Page 213 and 214: 7. RECOGNIZING ABUSED AND NEGLECTED
Page 215 and 216: classification hierarchy. If more t
Page 217 and 218: neglected. That is, when school sen
Page 219 and 220: NIS-4 estimates and rates per 1,000
Page 221: largest contributor in this sector,
Page 225 and 226: maltreatment situations only to CPS
Page 227: that influence sentinels’ respons
Page 230 and 231: 8.1 CPS Investigation of Abused and
Page 232 and 233: Figure 8-1.Changes in Rates of CPS
Page 234 and 235: Figure 8-2.CPS Investigation of Mal
Page 236 and 237: CPS investigated more than one-half
Page 238 and 239: Figure 8-6. CPS Investigation of Ch
Page 240 and 241: children recognized at shelters, al
Page 242 and 243: Figure 8-8.Changes in Rates of CPS
Page 244 and 245: Just as in the Harm Standard, the i
Page 246 and 247: Figure 8-11.Changes in Investigatio
Page 248 and 249: Figure 8-13.CPS Investigation of Ch
Page 250 and 251: maltreated children. With these chi
Page 252 and 253: during the extra month but were alr
Page 254 and 255: Figure 8-15.Uninvestigated Maltreat
Page 256 and 257: columns, providing the presumptive
Page 258 and 259: determining whether the child would
Page 260 and 261: Table 8-2 shows the actual and pres
Page 262 and 263: 8.4 Relationship between CPS Invest
Page 264 and 265: investigation rates were lower for
Page 266 and 267: Prioritizing recommended responses
Page 268 and 269: maltreatment directly to CPS. Among
Page 270 and 271: columns, the educational neglect pe
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9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe
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sliding scales for the poorer child
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REFERENCESAhlbom, A., & Norell, S.
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Youth and Families, Administration
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U.S. Census Bureau. (2004). Current
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Appendix A Design and Methods Summa
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weighted the records (so the sample
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design. The measure of size was the
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optimal sample sizes from law enfor
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CPS RECRUITMENT In order to develop
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SENTINEL AGENCY RECRUITMENT The sen
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Table A-2.NIS-4 Agency Participatio
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DATA COLLECTIONThe goals of the NIS
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Table A-5. Participating Sentinel A
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• The nature of harm (injuries to
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The evaluative coders recorded thes
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Table A-9. Agreement Rates for Over
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probability-based matching software
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WEIGHTING Sampling weights were dev
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eport the child to CPS, which in tu
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Table A-12. Topics Covered in the 4
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CPS SCREENING POLICIES STUDY (SPS)
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• 52 agencies provided their own
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SENTINEL DEFINITIONS SURVEY (SDS) T
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The first surveys were mailed in Ma
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TABLE B-1.CATEGORIES OF MALTREATMEN
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TABLE B-4.AGE BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE B-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 1
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TABLE B-5. (Continued)RACE/ETHNICIT
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TABLE B-6. (Continued) NCHILDR = 4
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TABLE B-8.CHILDREN COUNTABLE UNDER
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TABLE B-8. (Continued)CLASS = NOT I
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TABLE B-10.FAMILY STRUCTURE AND PAR
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TABLE B-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-11. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE B-13. (Continued)PARENTS' EMP
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Appendix C Endangerment Standard Es
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TABLE C-3.SEX BY CATEGORIES OF MALT
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TABLE C-4. (Continued)AGE CLASS = 6
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TABLE C-5.RACE/ETHNICITY BY CATEGOR
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TABLE C-6. (Continued)NCHILDR = 2 C
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TABLE C-7. (Continued)METROSTATUS =
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TABLE C-8. (Continued)CLASS = INVES
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TABLE C-9.PROPORTION OF ENDANGERMEN
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TABLE C-10. (Continued)FAMILY STRUC
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TABLE C-11.FAMILY STRUCTURE BY CATE
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TABLE C-12. (Continued)SOCIOECONOMI
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TABLE C-14.GRANDPARENTS AS CAREGIVE
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APPENDIX DWITHIN STUDY ANALYSES Thi
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Table D-3. T-statistics for age dif
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Table D-3. ContinuedAge 6-8 vs 9-11
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Table D-4. ContinuedAge 0-2 vs 12-1
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Table D-4 ContinuedAge 9-11 vs 12-1
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Table D-6. T-statistics for racial/
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Table D-8. T-statistics for parent'
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Table D-11. T-statistics for family
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Table D-11. ContinuedUnmarried Pare
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Table D-12. ContinuedMarried Parent
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Table D-12. ContinuedSingle ParentW
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Table D-17. T-statistics for metros
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Table D-19. Chi-squared Results for
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APPENDIX E BETWEEN-STUDY ANALYSES T
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Table E-1a. T-statistics for compar
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Table E-3. Chi-squared tables for s
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Table E-3. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-4. (Continued)Sexual Abuse0
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Table E-4. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-5. (Continued)Physical Negl
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Table E-6. Chi-squared tables for p
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Table E-6. (Continued)Educational N
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Table E-7. Chi-squared tables for f
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Table E-7. (Continued)Emotional Neg
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Table E-8. (Continued)Sexual AbuseL
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Table E-8. (Continued)Severity, Mod
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Table E-9. (Continued)Emotional Abu
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Table E.9. (Continued)Severity, Inf
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Table E-10. (Continued)Emotional Ab
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Table E-10. (Continued)Severity, In
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Table E-17. T-statistics for Source
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