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Pilgrim would not be part of the next electricity auction. 451 Subsequently, in April 2016, Entergy announced the closing date of the plant as 31 May 2019. 452 The inability of nuclear power to compete on the electricity marketplace was apparent in New York state too, where Entergy announced in November 2015 that “market conditions require us to… close the FitzPatrick nuclear plant. 453 Even New York Governor Andrew Cuomo’s order in December 2015 calling on “the State Department of Public Service to design and enact a new Clean Energy Standard mandating that 50 percent of all electricity consumed in New York by 2030 result from clean and renewable energy sources”, which also included an order “to develop a process to prevent the premature retirement of safe, upstate nuclear power plants during this transition”, 454 did not change Entergy’s decision. In February 2016, Entergy announced that the plant will be closed on 27 January 2017. 455 Exelon, which also operates nuclear plants in New York, has taken a page out of Entergy’s book and threatened to shut the Ginna and Nine Mile Point-1 reactors unless the state approves “a compensation plan for nuclear generators” that would “require all companies that sell electricity in the state to buy power from upstate nuclear plants at potentially above-market rates”. 456 Entergy’s other nuclear plant in New York State is the Indian Point nuclear power plant, which has been more profitable because of the higher power costs in nearby New York City. However, operations at Indian Point are being challenged on two crucial environmental requirements, a coastal zone management certification and a water permit application. 457 While Entergy has declared that it is exempt from needing the coastal zone management certification, New York state has asserted that it does and the two are battling it out in the Court of Appeals. 458 On the clean water permit, Entergy is appealing “a decision by the New York Department of Environmental 451 David Abel, “Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station in Plymouth to shut down by 2019”, Boston Globe, 13 October 2015, see https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/10/13/entergy-close-pilgrim-nuclearpower-station-nuclear-power-plant-that-opened/fNeR4RT1BowMrFApb7DqQO/story.html, accessed 16 June 2016. 452 David Abel, John R. Ellement, “Pilgrim nuclear power plant now has a closing date”, Boston Globe, 14 April 2016, see https://www.bostonglobe.com/2016/04/14/pilgrim-nuclear-power-plant-closemay/FRXGHcfMrk3nSngdYueMML/story.html, accessed 16 June 2016. 453 Entergy, “Entergy to Close James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant in Central New York”, Press Release, 2 November 2015, see http://www.entergynewsroom.com/latest-news/entergy-closejamesfitzpatrick-nuclear-power-plant-central-new-york/, accessed 16 June 2016. 454 Andrew Cuomo, “Governor Cuomo Directs Department of Public Service to Begin Process to Enact Clean Energy Standard”, New York State Governor, 2 December 2015, see https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-directs-department-public-service-begin-process-enactclean-energy-standard, accessed 16 June 2016. 455 Tim Knauss, “Entergy announces date when FitzPatrick nuclear plant will close”, syracuse.com, 18 February 2016, see http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2016/02/entergy_announces_date_when_fitzpatrick_nuclear_plant _will_close.html, accessed 16 June 2016. 456 Jim Ostroff, “Exelon to shut Nine Mile Point-1, Ginna reactors if New York fails to OK compensation plan,” Platts, 14 June 2016, see http://www.platts.com/latest-news/electric-power/washington/exelon-toshut-nine-mile-point-1-ginna-reactors-21708658, accessed 15 June 2016. 457 Frans Koster, “Could Indian Point Fall Victim to Economics?”, NIW, 10 June 2016. 458 Michael Randall, “Entergy faces new obstacle to renewing licenses at Indian Point nuclear plant”, Times Herald-Record, 12 November 2015, see http://www.recordonline.com/article/20151112/NEWS/151119779, accessed 16 June 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 133 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
Conservation (DEC) to deny the plant a clean water permit” and a decision is expected in the fall of 2016. 459 These environmental problems add to the outages of the plant, likely due to aging, making Indian Point less profitable to Entergy. Indeed, Moody’s vice president and senior analyst, Ryan Wobbrock argued that “Indian Point is becoming increasingly expensive to operate; not only are there declining prices for power but the costs of the actual facility are increasing because of the extended outages and various problems the plant had over the past years,” leading to the possibility that the reactor might ultimately be shut down for economic rather than environmental or legal reasons. In neighboring New Jersey, the state Department of Environmental Protection has allowed PSE&G Power, the operator and, along with Exelon, owner of the two units at Salem, to continue operating the reactors without building cooling towers, a step environmentalists had long advocated as a way to avoid decimating the estuary’s fish population, by issuing permits allowing the units to withdraw billions of gallons of water from the Delaware Bay. 460 Another nuclear plant that just became the latest victim of eroded competitiveness is Fort Calhoun Station. Fort Calhoun had struggled since the 2014 debut of the day-ahead market in the Southwest Power Pool (SPP) and in May 2016 the President of Omaha Public Power District (OPPD)—the plant’s owner—told its Board that its continued operation was not financially sustainable. 461 The reason offered for its shutdown reveal the problems confronting nuclear power plants in the United States. In April 2016, the Chairman of Board of OPPD called for potential scenarios regarding future power resources; it turned out that in all scenarios, Fort Calhoun did not meet the requirements of the lowest cost portfolio and that “other carbon-free options are more economic”. 462 Separately, Moody's Investors Service’s evaluation suggested that the price for electricity in the SPP has been “well below the operating cost of Fort Calhoun” because of low natural gas prices and expanding wind generation in SPP; Moody's calculated Fort Calhoun's 2015 operating and maintenance expenses at US$32.39/MWh, 65 percent above SPP South's average price of US$19.59/MWh. 463 On 17 June 2016, the OPPD Board voted unanimously to shut down the reactor by the end of the year; the decision was, in the words on one board member, “simply an economic decision”. 464 459 Frank Koster, “Could Indian Point Fall Victim to Economics?”, NIW, 10 June 2016. 460 Tom Johnson, “DEP Says Salem Nuclear Good to Go Without Cooling Towers”, NJ Spotlight, 13 June 2016, see http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/16/06/12/dep-says-salem-nuclear-good-to-go-without-coolingtowers/, accessed 13 June 2016. 461 Argus, “Fort Calhoun reactor may shut by year-end”, 31 May 2016, see http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?id=1249396&menu=yes, accessed 16 June 2016. 462 Aaron Larson, “Fort Calhoun May Close by Year End, Joining List of Premature Nuclear Power Plant Retirements”, POWER Magazine, 12 May 2016, see http://www.powermag.com/fort-calhoun-may-close-byyear-end-joining-list-of-premature-nuclear-power-plant-retirements/, accessed 16 June 2016. 463 Argus, “Fort Calhoun reactor may shut by year-end”, 31 May 2016, see http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?id=1249396&menu=yes, accessed 16 June 2016. 464 Cole Epley, “‘Simply an Economic Decision’: OPPD to Close Fort Calhoun Nuclear Plant by End of 2016,” Omaha.com, 17 June 2016, see http://www.omaha.com/money/simply-an-economic-decision-oppd-to-closefort-calhoun-nuclear/article_3fe6ce02-3352-11e6-a426-a7596287dd59.html, accessed 1 July 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 134 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
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A MYCLE SCHNEIDER CONSULTING PROJEC
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project coordin
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EBRD Chernobyl Decommissioning/Spen
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TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Nuclear
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Foreword by Tomas Kåberger 1 The W
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Executive Summary and Conclusions K
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WNISR classifies 36 Japanese reacto
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AREVA Debacle (new episode). The Fr
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Fukushima Prefecture, 70 percent of
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Introduction A major accident, like
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the past two decades, nuclear power
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There were three exceptions in 2015
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In the first half of 2016, three re
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The current world fleet has a total
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However, many of those projects (48
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Table 2: Reactor Construction Times
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Figure 11: Construction Starts in t
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large-scale new-build. Having asses
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Figure 15: Age Distribution of 164
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timeframe are highly unlikely given
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The IAEA says that, “seven countr
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for four units equaled approximatel
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Over the past year, the design sele
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In Turkey, up to three projects are
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electricity generating company (EÜ
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However, Rosatom highlighted the
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eportedly considering “suspending
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start in 2020 and commercial operat
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floating reactors. 160 There is als
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nonetheless suggested that the proj
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Nuclear Finances: Corporate Meltdow
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in the U.S. in 2013 from US$5/MBTU
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decides not to proceed with Hinkley
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market capital for renewable energy
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apply across the whole European mar
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Supervision and Administration Comm
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export market to countries such as
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Conclusion on Corporate Finances Th
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Sequence and Origin of the Accident
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a source of carbon dioxide to smoth
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Figure 29: Cumulative I-131 Concent
Page 83 and 84: In total, TORCH-2016 (The Other Rep
Page 85 and 86: in Lithuania, Kozloduy units 1 to 4
Page 87 and 88: The ISF-2 has been completed, pre-c
Page 89 and 90: emove the fuel-containing masses (c
Page 91 and 92: around 4.4 m 3 /hour. 270 Therefore
Page 93 and 94: Current status of workers The gover
Page 95 and 96: The government is aggressively seek
Page 97 and 98: (Full-scale Thyroid Screening Progr
Page 99 and 100: Costs 315 TEPCO continues to pay co
Page 101 and 102: contamination. In all parameters li
Page 103 and 104: However, the average thyroid dose i
Page 105 and 106: • The Global Energy Assessment 20
Page 107 and 108: decisions for the construction of n
Page 109 and 110: consecutive year, making up about 7
Page 111 and 112: US$43 billion and wind power was US
Page 113 and 114: Figure 39: Changes in EU Nuclear, S
Page 115 and 116: hydro renewables power generation a
Page 117 and 118: Annexes Annex 1: Overview by Region
Page 119 and 120: The November 2013 edition of the In
Page 121 and 122: its rated power 374 and until 26 Ma
Page 123 and 124: ebuilding its Gentilly-2 nuclear at
Page 125 and 126: LTEP, released in December 2013, co
Page 127 and 128: The U.S. reactor fleet provided 798
Page 129 and 130: units had received a license extens
Page 131 and 132: the capacity market auctions, the p
Page 133: subsidies already. First, Illinois
Page 137 and 138: & 2 in Illinois, Pilgrim in Massach
Page 139 and 140: Pending Combined Operating License
Page 141 and 142: traditionally been sited, but also
Page 143 and 144: projects only after Sanmen-1 ‘suc
Page 145 and 146: geographically the nuclear plant th
Page 147 and 148: (US$6.6 billion), 546 to as low as
Page 149 and 150: work on site in India for six AP100
Page 151 and 152: in regulatory safety inspections re
Page 153 and 154: 2010 Strategic Energy Plan, which h
Page 155 and 156: The options for how such targets wo
Page 157 and 158: seismic fault line at the site. The
Page 159 and 160: The IRRS team concluded that the NR
Page 161 and 162: meeting the new regulatory guidelin
Page 163 and 164: declared for the reactor and while
Page 165 and 166: However, observers saw a “dramati
Page 167 and 168: Despite the government’s commitme
Page 169 and 170: end of March 2014, unit 1 of Lungme
Page 171 and 172: after its license had expired, but
Page 173 and 174: The following section provides a sh
Page 175 and 176: espectively over one month and two
Page 177 and 178: On 22 December 2015, FANC authorize
Page 179 and 180: In parallel, Fortum Power has been
Page 181 and 182: levels. It now looks plausible that
Page 183 and 184: The Hinkley Point C Saga - A French
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esulting in a loss of market share,
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for lifetime extensions, before 3/1
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and coal-fired generation fell back
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announced in April 2004 that his go
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nuclear energy, in the form of dire
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for the £16 billion (US$30 billion
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to begin operating in 2024. 829 How
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2019. 839 In December 2015, BKW off
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assist in financing. 851 Westinghou
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Hungary has only one nuclear power
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concluded that when making assumpti
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in 2012 and 2013. 893 However, the
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of the MNPP [Medzamor Nuclear Power
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eactors at the site has been put ba
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Ukraine has 15 operating reactors,
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Annex 2: Japanese Nuclear Reactor S
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Comments WNISR considers that the 1
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Notes: Top: Air dose at 1 m height
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Annex 5: Status of Lifetime Extensi
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Plant Grid Connection Extension App
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Tomas Kåberger has a MSc in Engine
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Annex 7: Abbreviations ABWR AEA AEC
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GPSC GUE/NGL GWEC IAEA IANS IAS ICC
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PLEC PLEX PPA PRIS PV PWR PXE RAPS-
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Annex 8: Status of Nuclear Power in
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Annex 9: Nuclear Reactors in the Wo
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Country/Reactors Units MWe (net) Co
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15 Delayed again. A further delay o
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38 Delayed several times. This esti
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