CONSULTING

Recommendations

Info

Radiation Exposure and Health Effects Fukushima Prefecture is continuing its health survey, which includes assessments of external and internal doses and thyroid examinations. 299 In regard to the thyroid examination, the preliminary survey—ultrasound wave examination for residents who were under 18 years old or younger and lived in Fukushima Prefecture at the time of the accident—was conducted from October 2011 to March 2014. As of the end of June 2015, 113 people were diagnosed with confirmed or suspected thyroid cancer. 300 Of these, 99 people underwent surgery. However, the Prefectural Oversight Committee Meeting for Fukushima Health Management Survey concluded: As a judgment based on a comprehensive assessment of the following facts, it is unlikely that the thyroid cancers discovered until now were caused by the effects of radiation: the exposure doses were generally smaller compared to those of the Chernobyl accident, the period from exposure to cancer detection was short ranging from about one to four years, cancer was not found in those aged five years old or younger at the time of the accident, and there was no significant difference in the regional detection rates. The first full-scale survey was conducted from April 2014 to March 2016, involving the subjects of the preliminary survey and children who were born after the accident including those in utero at the time of the accident. If nodules or cysts that are larger than a predetermined size are found in the primary first examination, those people undergo a confirmatory examination. Table 8: Confirmed or Suspected Thyroid Cancer Cases and Effective External Dose Estimates Age at the time of the accident Effective dose [mSv] 0 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 18 Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Less than 1 0 0 3 0 1 4 2 0 6 4 Less than 2 0 0 0 1 3 4 3 3 6 8 Less than 5 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 2 3 Less than 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Less than 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 and above 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 0 0 4 1 4 10 6 4 14 15 Source: Prefectural Oversight Committee Meeting for Fukushima Health Management Survey, “Thyroid Ultrasound Examination 299 Fukushima Medical University, “Report of the Fukushima Health Management Survey (FY 2011-2013)”, (revised version), 12 June 2015. see http://fmu-global.jp/?wpdmdl=1032, accessed 30 June 2016. 300 Prefectural Oversight Committee Meeting for Fukushima Health Management Survey, “Interim report on the prefectural citizens health survey”, March 2016, (in Japanese), see http://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/uploaded/attachment/158522.pdf, accessed 12 April 2016; and Shinichi Suzuki et al., “Comprehensive Survey Results of Childhood Thyroid Ultrasound Examinations in Fukushima in the First Four Years After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident”, THYROID, Volume 26, Number 6, 2016, see http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/thy.2015.0564, accessed 10 June 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 95 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
(Full-scale Thyroid Screening Program)”, 15 February 2016. As of the end of December 2015, 51 people were diagnosed with confirmed or suspected malignant thyroid cancer in the second examination. Unfortunately, only 29 of them submitted a basic survey questionnaire that provides data on their exposure dose at the time of the accident. Among these values, the highest dose was 2.1 mSv (see Table 8). 301 In October 2015, a research group at Okayama University published an epidemiological study related to the high occurrence of childhood thyroid cancer. 302 According to the group, based on the results of the screening tests of Fukushima Prefecture, at the maximum, the incidence of thyroid cancer in a certain area of Fukushima Prefecture was up to 50 times higher than Japan's average annual incidence of thyroid cancer incidences. Accordingly, the group concluded that the excessive occurrence of thyroid cancer has already been detected. However, the methodology of this paper has been criticized and the academic debate on this issue is continuing. 303 Food and Environmental Contamination The intake and shipment of certain edible wild plants and freshwater fish have been restricted due to the contamination risk. 304 Although fishermen have placed a voluntary restriction on fishing in the waters within 20 km from the Fukushima power plant site, a study is being conducted that hopes to restart fishing in that area. Most food samples analyzed for radioactive contamination were non-contaminated or contaminated at levels “below the detection limit”, except for rare cases in prefectures adjacent to Fukushima. For example, 263 cases (0.09 percent) exceeded the standard limits in the monitoring from April 2015 to January 2016. 305 It should be noted that regarding the term “Not Detected (ND)”, which has been frequently used in government reports, a recent study proposes a review of the detection limit. 306 The Ministry of the Environment has continued to monitor wild animals and plants. For example, at a scientific meeting held in February 2016, a study conducted in FY2014 was presented that evaluated the exposure-dose rates of about 40 types of animals and plants. According to this study, 301 Prefectural Oversight Committee Meeting for Fukushima Health Management Survey, “Thyroid Ultrasound Examination (Full-scale Thyroid Screening Program)”, 15 February 2016, see http://fmuglobal.jp/?wpdmdl=1563, accessed 10 June 2016. 302 Tsuda, Toshihide et al., “Thyroid Cancer Detection by Ultrasound Among Residents Ages 18 Years and Younger in Fukushima, Japan: 2011 to 2014”, Epidemiology, Volume 27, Issue 3, May 2016, see http://journals.lww.com/epidem/Citation/2016/05000/Thyroid_Cancer_Detection_by_Ultrasound_Among.3.aspx, accessed 12 April 2016. 303 Takahashi, Hideto et al., “Re: Thyroid Cancer Among Young People in Fukushima”, Epidemiology, Volume 27, Issue 3, May 2016, see http://journals.lww.com/epidem/Fulltext/2016/05000/Re___Thyroid_Cancer_Among_Young_People_in.36.aspx, accessed 12 April 2016. 304 Fukushima Prefecture, “Results of emergency environmental radiation monitoring of agriculture, forestry and fishery products”, (in Japanese), see http://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/site/portal/mon-kekka.html, accessed 12 April 2016. 305 Food Industry Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), “Ensuring food safety”, March 2016, see http://www.maff.go.jp/j/export/e_info/pdf/160401_eigo_part1.pdf, accessed 10 June 2016. 306 Hiroshi Okamura et al., “Risk assessment of radioisotope contamination for aquatic living resources in and around Japan”, Proceeding of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, Volume 113, see http://www.pnas.org/content/113/14/3838.abstract, accessed 12 April 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 96 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
Page 1 and 2:
A MYCLE SCHNEIDER CONSULTING PROJEC
Page 3 and 4:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project coordin
Page 5 and 6:
EBRD Chernobyl Decommissioning/Spen
Page 7 and 8:
TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Nuclear
Page 9 and 10:
Foreword by Tomas Kåberger 1 The W
Page 11 and 12:
Executive Summary and Conclusions K
Page 13 and 14:
WNISR classifies 36 Japanese reacto
Page 15 and 16:
AREVA Debacle (new episode). The Fr
Page 17 and 18:
Fukushima Prefecture, 70 percent of
Page 19 and 20:
Introduction A major accident, like
Page 21 and 22:
the past two decades, nuclear power
Page 23 and 24:
There were three exceptions in 2015
Page 25 and 26:
In the first half of 2016, three re
Page 27 and 28:
The current world fleet has a total
Page 29 and 30:
However, many of those projects (48
Page 31 and 32:
Table 2: Reactor Construction Times
Page 33 and 34:
Figure 11: Construction Starts in t
Page 35 and 36:
large-scale new-build. Having asses
Page 37 and 38:
Figure 15: Age Distribution of 164
Page 39 and 40:
timeframe are highly unlikely given
Page 41 and 42:
The IAEA says that, “seven countr
Page 43 and 44:
for four units equaled approximatel
Page 45 and 46: Over the past year, the design sele
Page 47 and 48: In Turkey, up to three projects are
Page 49 and 50: electricity generating company (EÜ
Page 51 and 52: However, Rosatom highlighted the
Page 53 and 54: eportedly considering “suspending
Page 55 and 56: start in 2020 and commercial operat
Page 57 and 58: floating reactors. 160 There is als
Page 59 and 60: nonetheless suggested that the proj
Page 61 and 62: Nuclear Finances: Corporate Meltdow
Page 63 and 64: in the U.S. in 2013 from US$5/MBTU
Page 65 and 66: decides not to proceed with Hinkley
Page 67 and 68: market capital for renewable energy
Page 69 and 70: apply across the whole European mar
Page 71 and 72: Supervision and Administration Comm
Page 73 and 74: export market to countries such as
Page 75 and 76: Conclusion on Corporate Finances Th
Page 77 and 78: Sequence and Origin of the Accident
Page 79 and 80: a source of carbon dioxide to smoth
Page 81 and 82: Figure 29: Cumulative I-131 Concent
Page 83 and 84: In total, TORCH-2016 (The Other Rep
Page 85 and 86: in Lithuania, Kozloduy units 1 to 4
Page 87 and 88: The ISF-2 has been completed, pre-c
Page 89 and 90: emove the fuel-containing masses (c
Page 91 and 92: around 4.4 m 3 /hour. 270 Therefore
Page 93 and 94: Current status of workers The gover
Page 95: The government is aggressively seek
Page 99 and 100: Costs 315 TEPCO continues to pay co
Page 101 and 102: contamination. In all parameters li
Page 103 and 104: However, the average thyroid dose i
Page 105 and 106: • The Global Energy Assessment 20
Page 107 and 108: decisions for the construction of n
Page 109 and 110: consecutive year, making up about 7
Page 111 and 112: US$43 billion and wind power was US
Page 113 and 114: Figure 39: Changes in EU Nuclear, S
Page 115 and 116: hydro renewables power generation a
Page 117 and 118: Annexes Annex 1: Overview by Region
Page 119 and 120: The November 2013 edition of the In
Page 121 and 122: its rated power 374 and until 26 Ma
Page 123 and 124: ebuilding its Gentilly-2 nuclear at
Page 125 and 126: LTEP, released in December 2013, co
Page 127 and 128: The U.S. reactor fleet provided 798
Page 129 and 130: units had received a license extens
Page 131 and 132: the capacity market auctions, the p
Page 133 and 134: subsidies already. First, Illinois
Page 135 and 136: Conservation (DEC) to deny the plan
Page 137 and 138: & 2 in Illinois, Pilgrim in Massach
Page 139 and 140: Pending Combined Operating License
Page 141 and 142: traditionally been sited, but also
Page 143 and 144: projects only after Sanmen-1 ‘suc
Page 145 and 146: geographically the nuclear plant th
Page 147 and 148:
(US$6.6 billion), 546 to as low as
Page 149 and 150:
work on site in India for six AP100
Page 151 and 152:
in regulatory safety inspections re
Page 153 and 154:
2010 Strategic Energy Plan, which h
Page 155 and 156:
The options for how such targets wo
Page 157 and 158:
seismic fault line at the site. The
Page 159 and 160:
The IRRS team concluded that the NR
Page 161 and 162:
meeting the new regulatory guidelin
Page 163 and 164:
declared for the reactor and while
Page 165 and 166:
However, observers saw a “dramati
Page 167 and 168:
Despite the government’s commitme
Page 169 and 170:
end of March 2014, unit 1 of Lungme
Page 171 and 172:
after its license had expired, but
Page 173 and 174:
The following section provides a sh
Page 175 and 176:
espectively over one month and two
Page 177 and 178:
On 22 December 2015, FANC authorize
Page 179 and 180:
In parallel, Fortum Power has been
Page 181 and 182:
levels. It now looks plausible that
Page 183 and 184:
The Hinkley Point C Saga - A French
Page 185 and 186:
esulting in a loss of market share,
Page 187 and 188:
for lifetime extensions, before 3/1
Page 189 and 190:
and coal-fired generation fell back
Page 191 and 192:
announced in April 2004 that his go
Page 193 and 194:
nuclear energy, in the form of dire
Page 195 and 196:
for the £16 billion (US$30 billion
Page 197 and 198:
to begin operating in 2024. 829 How
Page 199 and 200:
2019. 839 In December 2015, BKW off
Page 201 and 202:
assist in financing. 851 Westinghou
Page 203 and 204:
Hungary has only one nuclear power
Page 205 and 206:
concluded that when making assumpti
Page 207 and 208:
in 2012 and 2013. 893 However, the
Page 209 and 210:
of the MNPP [Medzamor Nuclear Power
Page 211 and 212:
eactors at the site has been put ba
Page 213 and 214:
Ukraine has 15 operating reactors,
Page 215 and 216:
Annex 2: Japanese Nuclear Reactor S
Page 217 and 218:
Comments WNISR considers that the 1
Page 219 and 220:
Notes: Top: Air dose at 1 m height
Page 221 and 222:
Annex 5: Status of Lifetime Extensi
Page 223 and 224:
Plant Grid Connection Extension App
Page 225 and 226:
Tomas Kåberger has a MSc in Engine
Page 227 and 228:
Annex 7: Abbreviations ABWR AEA AEC
Page 229 and 230:
GPSC GUE/NGL GWEC IAEA IANS IAS ICC
Page 231 and 232:
PLEC PLEX PPA PRIS PV PWR PXE RAPS-
Page 233 and 234:
Annex 8: Status of Nuclear Power in
Page 235 and 236:
Annex 9: Nuclear Reactors in the Wo
Page 237 and 238:
Country/Reactors Units MWe (net) Co
Page 239 and 240:
15 Delayed again. A further delay o
Page 241:
38 Delayed several times. This esti
show all

CONSULTING

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?