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Central and Eastern Europe In Bulgaria, nuclear power provided 15 TWh or 31.1 percent of the country’s electricity in 2015, down from a maximum of 47.3 percent in 2002. At the country’s only nuclear power plant, Kozloduy, there are just two reactors operating, where originally there were six; the other four reactors were closed as part of the agreement for Bulgaria to join the EU. The two remaining VVER1000 reactors are currently licensed to operate until 2017 and 2021, 846 but the operator has begun a relicensing program and plans to extend their operating lifetimes for up to 60 years. In October 2014, a Franco-Russian consortium consisting of EDF, Rosenergoatom and Rosatom subsidiary Rusatom Service was awarded a lifetime extension contract for Kozloduy-5. In October 2015, Rosatom signed a contract for turbine generator upgrading to be implemented on unit 5 by May 2018. In January 2016, Rusatom Service and the Bulgarian company Risk Engineering signed an agreement for the assessment of the “technical condition and justification of the residual service life” of Kozloduy 6. 847 In May 2016, it was reported that the technical work on the completion of the life-extension on unit 5 has been completed. 848 There have been ongoing attempts since the mid-1980s to build another nuclear power plant at Belene in Northern Bulgaria including firms from Bulgaria, France, Germany, and Russia. The latest came to a halt in February 2013 when the Parliament finally confirmed the then Prime Minister’s decision to abandon the plant. The Government and industry have now refocused their efforts on building another reactor at Kozloduy. In April 2012, the Government announced that an additional unit would be built “on market principles, that is, without government money or state guarantees.” 849 In December 2013, the Government approved a report from the Ministry of Economy and Energy to authorize the Bulgarian Energy Holding company—which would operate a new unit—to negotiate with Toshiba (owning 87 percent of Westinghouse) to become the strategic investor in the construction of an AP1000 reactor. Vendor Toshiba was to be asked to invest 30 percent of the final costs and help secure the remaining 70 percent from foreign lenders, specifically the Japan Bank for International Cooperation and the Export-Import Bank of the United States. The deadline for signing the agreement was 30 September 2014. 850 The potential involvement of national export-import banks from the U.S. and Japan highlights the difficulties in building a reactor without state support. In early June 2014, Toshiba withdrew from the project and was replaced by Westinghouse as the strategic investor, and in August 2014, Westinghouse signed a “shareholder agreement” committing it to take a 30 percent stake in the project. Furthermore, US Vice-President Kerry offered that Washington could study ways in which it could 846 Republic of Bulgaria, “Sixth National Report under the Convention on Nuclear Safety”, 2013 (although more recent press reports state that the license for unit 6 expires in 2019. See: NEI, “Life extension for Bulgaria’s Kozloduy 6”, 1 February 2016, see http://www.neimagazine.com/news/newslife-extension-forbulgarias-kozloduy-6-4798509, accessed 2 July 2016. 847 NEI, “Life extension for Bulgaria's Kozloduy 6”, 1 February 2016, see http://www.neimagazine.com/news/newslife-extension-for-bulgarias-kozloduy-6-4798509, accessed 2 July 2016. 848 Reuters, “Russia's Rosatom completes upgrade of Bulgarian nuclear reactor”, 31 May 2016, see http://uk.reuters.com/article/rosatom-bulgaria-idUKL8N18S28W, accessed 2 July 2016. 849 AFP, “Bulgaria approves new reactor at nuclear plant”, Agence France Presse, 11 April 2012. 850 Sofia Globe, “Bulgaria to begin talks with Westinghouse on new Kozloduy nuclear reactor”, 11 December 2013, see http://sofiaglobe.com/2013/12/11/bulgaria-to-begin-talks-with-westinghouse-onnew-kozloduy-nuclear-reactor/, accessed 2 July 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 199 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
assist in financing. 851 Westinghouse was asked by the Bulgarian government to take a 49 percent stake in the project, 852 but it was reported in the Bulgarian press that Westinghouse had refused. 853 In April 2015, the Bulgarian Government then announced it was dropping the deal with Westinghouse for financial reasons. 854 In June 2016 the International Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of Atomstroyexport (ASE) over its claim for compensation after Bulgaria cancelled the Belene nuclear power plant. The press suggest that the Russian constructor was awarded about half of what it had asked for, receiving approximately US$600 million. 855 In November 2015, the Bulgarian Prime Minister, Boyko Borisov, during a visit to China held talks on potential nuclear cooperation, which was followed by a Chinese delegation visiting Kozloduy in December 2015. It is suggested that Westinghouse may team up with State Power Investment Corporation (SPIC) to construct further units at Kozloduy. 856 SPIC was recently established through the merger of China Power Investment Corporation and State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation, and is therefore a large state-owned enterprise under the administration of the Chinese central Government. The Czech Republic has six Russian-designed reactors in operation at two sites, Dukovany and Temelín. The former houses four VVER440-213 reactors, the latter two VVER1000- 320 units. In 2015, nuclear plants generated 25.3 TWh or 32.5 percent of the electricity in the Czech Republic, that is over 3 percentage points down from record years 2013 and 2014. At the same time, the country was a net exporter of 12.5 TWh of electricity, equivalent to 57 percent of the nuclear output. Three of the four Dukovany units were shut down in September 2015, following the detection by the State Nuclear Safety Office (SUJB) of faults in pipe welding and irregularities in the inspection practice by a subcontractor. Unit 3 restarted in December 2015, but was halted again in April 2016. Prolonged shutdowns are now expected at least for units 2 and 3. Unit 3 is not expected to be restarted before 19 October 2016. An extended outage of Unit 2 is planned to start on 16 September 2016 and last into 2017. In March 2016, the state regulator extended the operating license of Dukovany-1 indefinitely. 857 851 NIW, “Bulgaria, Energy Dependence on Russia Looks More Threatening”, 16 January 2015. 852 EurActiv.com, “Bulgaria offers Westinghouse stake in new nuclear unit”, 27 March 2015, see http://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/bulgaria-offers-westinghouse-stake-in-new-nuclear-unit/, accessed 2 July 2016. 853 Mediapool, “‘Westinghouse’ refused to invest in block VII—Extend Talks to renegotiate the current price of U.S? ‘Maritsa East’ 1 and 3”, 31 March 2015, see http://www.mediapool.bg/uestinghaus-otkazva-dainvestira-v-v-blok-news232408.html, accessed 2 July 2016. 854 AFP, “Bulgaria drops $4 billion Westinghouse nuclear deal”, 2 April 2015. 855 WNN, “Russia wins 'half' of compensation claimed in Belene lawsuit”, 16 June 2016, see http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/C-Russia-wins-half-of-compensation-claimed-in-Belene-lawsuit- 16061601.html, accessed 21 June 2016. 856 NIW, “Will SPI Team Up with Westinghouse in Bulgaria?”, 2 February 2016. 857 NucNet, “Dukovany-2 And -3 To Undergo Extended Checks On Pipe Welds”, 13 May 2016, see http://www.nucnet.org/all-the-news/2016/05/13/dukovany-2-and-3-to-undergo-extended-checks-on-pipewelds, accessed 2 July 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 200 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
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A MYCLE SCHNEIDER CONSULTING PROJEC
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project coordin
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EBRD Chernobyl Decommissioning/Spen
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TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Nuclear
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Foreword by Tomas Kåberger 1 The W
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Executive Summary and Conclusions K
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WNISR classifies 36 Japanese reacto
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AREVA Debacle (new episode). The Fr
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Fukushima Prefecture, 70 percent of
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Introduction A major accident, like
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the past two decades, nuclear power
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There were three exceptions in 2015
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In the first half of 2016, three re
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The current world fleet has a total
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However, many of those projects (48
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Table 2: Reactor Construction Times
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Figure 11: Construction Starts in t
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large-scale new-build. Having asses
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Figure 15: Age Distribution of 164
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timeframe are highly unlikely given
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The IAEA says that, “seven countr
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for four units equaled approximatel
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Over the past year, the design sele
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In Turkey, up to three projects are
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electricity generating company (EÜ
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However, Rosatom highlighted the
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eportedly considering “suspending
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start in 2020 and commercial operat
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floating reactors. 160 There is als
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nonetheless suggested that the proj
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Nuclear Finances: Corporate Meltdow
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in the U.S. in 2013 from US$5/MBTU
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decides not to proceed with Hinkley
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market capital for renewable energy
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apply across the whole European mar
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Supervision and Administration Comm
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export market to countries such as
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Conclusion on Corporate Finances Th
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Sequence and Origin of the Accident
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a source of carbon dioxide to smoth
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Figure 29: Cumulative I-131 Concent
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In total, TORCH-2016 (The Other Rep
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in Lithuania, Kozloduy units 1 to 4
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The ISF-2 has been completed, pre-c
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emove the fuel-containing masses (c
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around 4.4 m 3 /hour. 270 Therefore
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Current status of workers The gover
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The government is aggressively seek
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(Full-scale Thyroid Screening Progr
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Costs 315 TEPCO continues to pay co
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contamination. In all parameters li
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However, the average thyroid dose i
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• The Global Energy Assessment 20
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decisions for the construction of n
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consecutive year, making up about 7
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US$43 billion and wind power was US
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Figure 39: Changes in EU Nuclear, S
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hydro renewables power generation a
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Annexes Annex 1: Overview by Region
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The November 2013 edition of the In
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its rated power 374 and until 26 Ma
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ebuilding its Gentilly-2 nuclear at
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LTEP, released in December 2013, co
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The U.S. reactor fleet provided 798
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units had received a license extens
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the capacity market auctions, the p
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subsidies already. First, Illinois
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Conservation (DEC) to deny the plan
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& 2 in Illinois, Pilgrim in Massach
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Pending Combined Operating License
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traditionally been sited, but also
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projects only after Sanmen-1 ‘suc
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geographically the nuclear plant th
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(US$6.6 billion), 546 to as low as
Page 149 and 150: work on site in India for six AP100
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Page 153 and 154: 2010 Strategic Energy Plan, which h
Page 155 and 156: The options for how such targets wo
Page 157 and 158: seismic fault line at the site. The
Page 159 and 160: The IRRS team concluded that the NR
Page 161 and 162: meeting the new regulatory guidelin
Page 163 and 164: declared for the reactor and while
Page 165 and 166: However, observers saw a “dramati
Page 167 and 168: Despite the government’s commitme
Page 169 and 170: end of March 2014, unit 1 of Lungme
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Page 173 and 174: The following section provides a sh
Page 175 and 176: espectively over one month and two
Page 177 and 178: On 22 December 2015, FANC authorize
Page 179 and 180: In parallel, Fortum Power has been
Page 181 and 182: levels. It now looks plausible that
Page 183 and 184: The Hinkley Point C Saga - A French
Page 185 and 186: esulting in a loss of market share,
Page 187 and 188: for lifetime extensions, before 3/1
Page 189 and 190: and coal-fired generation fell back
Page 191 and 192: announced in April 2004 that his go
Page 193 and 194: nuclear energy, in the form of dire
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Page 197 and 198: to begin operating in 2024. 829 How
Page 199: 2019. 839 In December 2015, BKW off
Page 203 and 204: Hungary has only one nuclear power
Page 205 and 206: concluded that when making assumpti
Page 207 and 208: in 2012 and 2013. 893 However, the
Page 209 and 210: of the MNPP [Medzamor Nuclear Power
Page 211 and 212: eactors at the site has been put ba
Page 213 and 214: Ukraine has 15 operating reactors,
Page 215 and 216: Annex 2: Japanese Nuclear Reactor S
Page 217 and 218: Comments WNISR considers that the 1
Page 219 and 220: Notes: Top: Air dose at 1 m height
Page 221 and 222: Annex 5: Status of Lifetime Extensi
Page 223 and 224: Plant Grid Connection Extension App
Page 225 and 226: Tomas Kåberger has a MSc in Engine
Page 227 and 228: Annex 7: Abbreviations ABWR AEA AEC
Page 229 and 230: GPSC GUE/NGL GWEC IAEA IANS IAS ICC
Page 231 and 232: PLEC PLEX PPA PRIS PV PWR PXE RAPS-
Page 233 and 234: Annex 8: Status of Nuclear Power in
Page 235 and 236: Annex 9: Nuclear Reactors in the Wo
Page 237 and 238: Country/Reactors Units MWe (net) Co
Page 239 and 240: 15 Delayed again. A further delay o
Page 241: 38 Delayed several times. This esti
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