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Asia ........................................................................................................................................... 138 China Focus ............................................................................................................................... 138 Japan Focus ............................................................................................................................... 148 NRA Nuclear Safety Review ...................................................................................................... 155 Restart Prospects ...................................................................................................................... 160 New-build Projects ................................................................................................................... 161 European Union (EU28) and Switzerland .................................................................................... 169 Western Europe ............................................................................................................................... 171 Belgium Focus ........................................................................................................................... 172 France Focus .............................................................................................................................. 178 Central and Eastern Europe ............................................................................................................. 199 Former Soviet Union .................................................................................................................. 207 Annex 2: Japanese Nuclear Reactor Status ....................................................................... 214 Annex 3 : Fukushima—Radioactive Contamination and Current Evacuation Zones ........... 217 Annex 4: Definition of Credit Rating by the Main Agencies ............................................... 219 Annex 5: Status of Lifetime Extensions in the U.S. ............................................................ 220 Annex 6: About the Authors ............................................................................................. 223 Annex 7: Abbreviations .................................................................................................... 226 Annex 8: Status of Nuclear Power in the World ................................................................ 232 Annex 9: Nuclear Reactors in the World “Under Construction” ......................................... 234 Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 5 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Nuclear Electricity Generation in the World ...................................................................................... 20 Figure 2: Annual Nuclear Power Generation by Country and Historic Maximum .............................................. 21 Figure 3: Annual Nuclear Share in Electricity Mix by Country and Historic Maximum ....................................... 21 Figure 4: Nuclear Power Reactor Grid Connections and Shutdowns, 1954-2016 ............................................... 23 Figure 5: Nuclear Power Reactor Grid Connections and Shutdowns, 1954-2016 ............................................... 23 Figure 6: Rise and Fall of the Japanese Nuclear Program 1963–2016 ................................................................ 24 Figure 7: World Nuclear Reactor Fleet, 1954–2016 .......................................................................................... 26 Figure 8: Nuclear Reactors Under Construction ................................................................................................ 27 Figure 9: Average Annual Construction Times in the World 1954–1 July 2016 .................................................. 30 Figure 10: Construction Starts in the World 1951 – 1 July 2016 ........................................................................ 31 Figure 11: Construction Starts in the World/China 1951–1 July 2016 ............................................................... 32 Figure 12: 92 Cancelled or Suspended Reactor Constructions 1977–July 2016 .................................................. 32 Figure 13: Age Distribution of Operating Nuclear Power Reactors ................................................................... 34 Figure 14: Age Distribution of Operating Reactors in the World ....................................................................... 35 Figure 15: Age Distribution of 164 Shut Down Nuclear Power Reactors ........................................................... 36 Figure 16: Average Age Profile of Shut Down Nuclear Power Reactors ............................................................. 36 Figure 17: The 40-Year Lifetime Projection (not including LTOs) ....................................................................... 37 Figure 18: The PLEX Projection (not including LTOs) ......................................................................................... 38 Figure 19: Forty-Year Lifetime Projection versus PLEX Projection ..................................................................... 38 Figure 20: EDF Share Price Development 2006–2016 ....................................................................................... 64 Figure 21: RWE (DE) Share Price Development 2006–2016 ............................................................................... 66 Figure 22: Share Price Development of European Power Companies ............................................................... 67 Figure 23: Share Price Development of Asian Power Companies ...................................................................... 69 Figure 24: CGN Co Ltd. (China) Share Price Development Since First Listing ..................................................... 70 Figure 25: Exelon (US) Share Price Development 2006-2016 ............................................................................ 71 Figure 26: AREVA Share Price Development 2006-2016 ................................................................................... 72 Figure 27: Graveyard of Abandoned Highly Contaminated Trucks and Helicopters .......................................... 77 Figure 28: Cesium-137 Concentrations in Europe in 1996 ................................................................................. 79 Figure 29: Cumulative I-131 Concentrations in Air Over Europe in May 1986 ................................................... 80 Figure 30: Cross Section of the "Sarcophagus" ................................................................................................. 83 Figure 31: The New Safe Confinement at Chernobyl ........................................................................................ 88 Figure 32 : Paris Agreement, National Pledges and Nuclear Power ................................................................ 104 Figure 33: Global Investment Decisions in Renewables and Nuclear Power 2004–15 ..................................... 105 Figure 34: Wind, Solar and Nuclear, Capacity Increases in the World 2000–2015 ........................................... 107 Figure 35: Global Electricity Production from Wind, Solar and Nuclear 1997-2015 ......................................... 108 Figure 36: Installed Capacity in China from Wind, Solar and Nuclear 2000–2015 ............................................ 109 Figure 37: Electricity Production in China from Nuclear, Wind and Solar 2000-2015 ....................................... 110 Figure 38: Startup and Shutdown of Electricity Generating Capacity in the EU in 2015 ................................... 111 Figure 39: Changes in EU Nuclear, Solar and Wind Power Production Since Signing of the Kyoto Protocol ..... 112 Figure 40: Solar, Wind and Nuclear Production in India 2000-2015 ................................................................ 113 Figure 41: Age of U.S. Nuclear Fleet ............................................................................................................... 125 Figure 42: Age Distribution of the Japanese Nuclear Fleet ............................................................................. 149 Figure 43: Electricity Generation in Japan by Source 2006-2015 ..................................................................... 153 Figure 44: Nuclear Reactors Startups and Shutdowns in the EU28, 1956–2016 .............................................. 169 Figure 45: Nuclear Reactors and Net Operating Capacity in the EU28, 1956–2016 .......................................... 170 Figure 46: Age Pyramid of the 127 Nuclear Reactors Operated in the EU28 ................................................... 170 Figure 47: Age Distribution of the EU28 Reactor Fleet .................................................................................... 171 Figure 48: Load Factors of Belgian Nuclear Reactors ...................................................................................... 172 Figure 49: Age Distribution of Belgian Nuclear Fleet ...................................................................................... 173 Figure 50: Age Distribution of French Nuclear Fleet ....................................................................................... 179 Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 6 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
Page 1 and 2: A MYCLE SCHNEIDER CONSULTING PROJEC
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project coordin
Page 5: EBRD Chernobyl Decommissioning/Spen
Page 9 and 10: Foreword by Tomas Kåberger 1 The W
Page 11 and 12: Executive Summary and Conclusions K
Page 13 and 14: WNISR classifies 36 Japanese reacto
Page 15 and 16: AREVA Debacle (new episode). The Fr
Page 17 and 18: Fukushima Prefecture, 70 percent of
Page 19 and 20: Introduction A major accident, like
Page 21 and 22: the past two decades, nuclear power
Page 23 and 24: There were three exceptions in 2015
Page 25 and 26: In the first half of 2016, three re
Page 27 and 28: The current world fleet has a total
Page 29 and 30: However, many of those projects (48
Page 31 and 32: Table 2: Reactor Construction Times
Page 33 and 34: Figure 11: Construction Starts in t
Page 35 and 36: large-scale new-build. Having asses
Page 37 and 38: Figure 15: Age Distribution of 164
Page 39 and 40: timeframe are highly unlikely given
Page 41 and 42: The IAEA says that, “seven countr
Page 43 and 44: for four units equaled approximatel
Page 45 and 46: Over the past year, the design sele
Page 47 and 48: In Turkey, up to three projects are
Page 49 and 50: electricity generating company (EÜ
Page 51 and 52: However, Rosatom highlighted the
Page 53 and 54: eportedly considering “suspending
Page 55 and 56: start in 2020 and commercial operat
Page 57 and 58:
floating reactors. 160 There is als
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nonetheless suggested that the proj
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Nuclear Finances: Corporate Meltdow
Page 63 and 64:
in the U.S. in 2013 from US$5/MBTU
Page 65 and 66:
decides not to proceed with Hinkley
Page 67 and 68:
market capital for renewable energy
Page 69 and 70:
apply across the whole European mar
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Supervision and Administration Comm
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export market to countries such as
Page 75 and 76:
Conclusion on Corporate Finances Th
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Sequence and Origin of the Accident
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a source of carbon dioxide to smoth
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Figure 29: Cumulative I-131 Concent
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In total, TORCH-2016 (The Other Rep
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in Lithuania, Kozloduy units 1 to 4
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The ISF-2 has been completed, pre-c
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emove the fuel-containing masses (c
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around 4.4 m 3 /hour. 270 Therefore
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Current status of workers The gover
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The government is aggressively seek
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(Full-scale Thyroid Screening Progr
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Costs 315 TEPCO continues to pay co
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contamination. In all parameters li
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However, the average thyroid dose i
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• The Global Energy Assessment 20
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decisions for the construction of n
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consecutive year, making up about 7
Page 111 and 112:
US$43 billion and wind power was US
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 39: Changes in EU Nuclear, S
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hydro renewables power generation a
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Annexes Annex 1: Overview by Region
Page 119 and 120:
The November 2013 edition of the In
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its rated power 374 and until 26 Ma
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ebuilding its Gentilly-2 nuclear at
Page 125 and 126:
LTEP, released in December 2013, co
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The U.S. reactor fleet provided 798
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units had received a license extens
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the capacity market auctions, the p
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subsidies already. First, Illinois
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Conservation (DEC) to deny the plan
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& 2 in Illinois, Pilgrim in Massach
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Pending Combined Operating License
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traditionally been sited, but also
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projects only after Sanmen-1 ‘suc
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geographically the nuclear plant th
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(US$6.6 billion), 546 to as low as
Page 149 and 150:
work on site in India for six AP100
Page 151 and 152:
in regulatory safety inspections re
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2010 Strategic Energy Plan, which h
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The options for how such targets wo
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seismic fault line at the site. The
Page 159 and 160:
The IRRS team concluded that the NR
Page 161 and 162:
meeting the new regulatory guidelin
Page 163 and 164:
declared for the reactor and while
Page 165 and 166:
However, observers saw a “dramati
Page 167 and 168:
Despite the government’s commitme
Page 169 and 170:
end of March 2014, unit 1 of Lungme
Page 171 and 172:
after its license had expired, but
Page 173 and 174:
The following section provides a sh
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espectively over one month and two
Page 177 and 178:
On 22 December 2015, FANC authorize
Page 179 and 180:
In parallel, Fortum Power has been
Page 181 and 182:
levels. It now looks plausible that
Page 183 and 184:
The Hinkley Point C Saga - A French
Page 185 and 186:
esulting in a loss of market share,
Page 187 and 188:
for lifetime extensions, before 3/1
Page 189 and 190:
and coal-fired generation fell back
Page 191 and 192:
announced in April 2004 that his go
Page 193 and 194:
nuclear energy, in the form of dire
Page 195 and 196:
for the £16 billion (US$30 billion
Page 197 and 198:
to begin operating in 2024. 829 How
Page 199 and 200:
2019. 839 In December 2015, BKW off
Page 201 and 202:
assist in financing. 851 Westinghou
Page 203 and 204:
Hungary has only one nuclear power
Page 205 and 206:
concluded that when making assumpti
Page 207 and 208:
in 2012 and 2013. 893 However, the
Page 209 and 210:
of the MNPP [Medzamor Nuclear Power
Page 211 and 212:
eactors at the site has been put ba
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Ukraine has 15 operating reactors,
Page 215 and 216:
Annex 2: Japanese Nuclear Reactor S
Page 217 and 218:
Comments WNISR considers that the 1
Page 219 and 220:
Notes: Top: Air dose at 1 m height
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Annex 5: Status of Lifetime Extensi
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Plant Grid Connection Extension App
Page 225 and 226:
Tomas Kåberger has a MSc in Engine
Page 227 and 228:
Annex 7: Abbreviations ABWR AEA AEC
Page 229 and 230:
GPSC GUE/NGL GWEC IAEA IANS IAS ICC
Page 231 and 232:
PLEC PLEX PPA PRIS PV PWR PXE RAPS-
Page 233 and 234:
Annex 8: Status of Nuclear Power in
Page 235 and 236:
Annex 9: Nuclear Reactors in the Wo
Page 237 and 238:
Country/Reactors Units MWe (net) Co
Page 239 and 240:
15 Delayed again. A further delay o
Page 241:
38 Delayed several times. This esti
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