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legislation was finally amended for the first time, 695 granting a 10-year extension for the Tihange-1 reactor, while imposing an additional operating tax that removed about 70 percent of its profit in excess of a guaranteed return of 9.3 percent on investment necessary for the lifetime extension. 696 The other shutdown dates were confirmed (see Table 16) and the law’s Article 9, which enabled continued operation in case of security-of-supply concerns, was deleted. Figure 49: Age Distribution of Belgian Nuclear Fleet Sources: IAEA-PRIS, MSC, 2016 In summer 2012, the operator identified an unprecedented numbers of hydrogen-induced crack indications in the pressure vessels of Doel-3 and Tihange-2, with respectively over 8,000 and 2,000 previously undetected defects. After several months of analysis, the Belgian safety authority, the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC), asked the operator to carry out a specific test program prior to any restart decision. However, in late January 2013, AIB-Vinçotte, an international quality-control company based in Belgium working on behalf of the FANC, stated that “some uncertainty about the representativity of the test program for the actual reactor pressure vessel shells cannot be excluded”. 697 An independent assessment concluded that “the restart of the two power plants has to be considered as hazardous”. 698 However, in May 2013, FANC licensed restart 699 in spite of serious concerns by several scientists. Then, on 25 March 2014, Electrabel announced the immediate shutdown of the Doel-3 and Tihange-2 reactors, declared as “anticipating planned outages”, 695 Moniteur belge, “18 Décembre 2013—Loi modifiant la loi du 31 janvier 2003 sur la sortie progressive de l’énergie nucléaire à des fins de production industrielle d’électricité et modifiant la loi du 11 avril 2003 sur les provisions constituées pour le démantèlement des centrales nucléaires et pour la gestion des matières fissiles irradiées dans ces centrales”, 24 December 2013. 696 Melchior Wathelet, “Avec la réserve stratégique, Melchior Wathelet finalise l’exécution de son plan”, Energy Minister, 16 December 2013. 697 AIB-Vinçotte, “Synthesis Report Doel165”, 28 January 2013. 698 Ilse Tweer, “Flawed Reactor Pressure Vessels in Belgian Nuclear Plants Doel-3 and Tihange-2”, Materials Scientist and Consultant, Report commissioned by the Greens/EFA Group in the European Parliament, March 2013, see http://www.greensefa.eu/fileadmin/dam/Documents/Studies/Flawed%20Reactor%20Pressure%20Vessels.pdf, accessed 18 June 2016. 699 FANC, “FANC experts give positive opinion on restart of Doel 3 & Tihange 2 reactor units”, 17 May 2013, see http://www.fanc.fgov.be/GED/00000000/3400/3430.pdf, accessed 18 June 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 173 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
espectively over one month and two months ahead of schedule. 700 The decision was taken after one of the tests “related to the mechanical strength of a sample analogue to the composition of the concerned vessels did not deliver results in line with experts expectations”. FANC issued a statement: The results of these tests indicate that a mechanical property (fracture toughness) of the material is more strongly influenced by irradiation than experts had expected. Additional testing and research are necessary to interpret and assess these unexpected results. 701 Table 16: Closure Dates for Belgian Nuclear Reactors 2022–2025 Reactor (Net Capacity) First Grid Connection End of License (Latest Closure Date) Doel-1 (433 MW) 1974 10-year lifetime extension to 15 February 2025 Doel-2 (433 MW) 1975 10-year lifetime extension to 1 December 2025 Doel-3 (1006 MW) 1982 1 October 2022 Tihange-2 (1008 MW) 1982 1 February 2023 Doel-4 (1039 MW) 1985 1 July 2025 Tihange-3 (1046 MW) 1985 1 September 2025 Tihange-1 (962 MW) 1975 10-year lifetime extension to 1 October 2025 Sources: Belgian Law of 28 June 2015; Electrabel/GDF-Suez, 2014 702 Additional inspections have raised the number of identified defects to over 13,000 in the Doel-3 pressure vessel (up to 40 per dm 3 , up to 18 cm long, down to a depth of 12 cm in the vessel wall) and to over 3,000 at Tihange-2. 703 In April 2015, under the auspices of FANC, an International Review Board assessed the results of additional inspections and tests carried out by Electrabel. Some scientists involved in the research on the issue concluded that “meticulous inspections [are] needed, worldwide” (underlined in the original). 704 700 Electrabel/GDF-Suez, “Anticipating planned outages of Doel 3 and Tihange 2 reactors”, 25 March 2014, see http://corporate.engie-electrabel.be/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/anticipation-scheduled-stops-reactorsdoel3-tihange2_en.pdf, accessed 18 June 2016. 701 FANC, “Doel 3 and Tihange 2 still temporally shut down until further notice”, 1 July 2014, see http://www.fanc.fgov.be/GED/00000000/3600/3657.pdf, accessed 2 July 2016. 702 Moniteur Belge, “Loi modifiant la loi du 31 janvier 2003 sur la sortie progressive de l'énergie nucléaire à des fins de production industrielle d'électricité afin de garantir la sécurité d'approvisionnement sur le plan énergétique”, 6 July 2015, see http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/mopdf/2015/07/06_2.pdf, accessed 2 July 2016; and Electrabel/GDF-Suez, “News from the nuclear plants”, accessed 3 July 2014. 703 FANC, “Doel 3/Tihange 2: clarifications regarding the detection, the position and the size of the flaw indications”, 25 February 2015, see http://www.fanc.fgov.be/fr/news/doel-3/tihange-2-clarificationsregarding-the-detection-the-position-and-the-size-of-the-flaw-indications/753.aspx, accessed 2 July 2016. 704 Walter F. Bogaerts, op.cit. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 174 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
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A MYCLE SCHNEIDER CONSULTING PROJEC
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project coordin
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EBRD Chernobyl Decommissioning/Spen
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TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Nuclear
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Foreword by Tomas Kåberger 1 The W
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Executive Summary and Conclusions K
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WNISR classifies 36 Japanese reacto
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AREVA Debacle (new episode). The Fr
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Fukushima Prefecture, 70 percent of
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Introduction A major accident, like
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the past two decades, nuclear power
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There were three exceptions in 2015
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In the first half of 2016, three re
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The current world fleet has a total
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However, many of those projects (48
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Table 2: Reactor Construction Times
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Figure 11: Construction Starts in t
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large-scale new-build. Having asses
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Figure 15: Age Distribution of 164
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timeframe are highly unlikely given
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The IAEA says that, “seven countr
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for four units equaled approximatel
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Over the past year, the design sele
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In Turkey, up to three projects are
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electricity generating company (EÜ
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However, Rosatom highlighted the
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eportedly considering “suspending
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start in 2020 and commercial operat
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floating reactors. 160 There is als
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nonetheless suggested that the proj
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Nuclear Finances: Corporate Meltdow
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in the U.S. in 2013 from US$5/MBTU
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decides not to proceed with Hinkley
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market capital for renewable energy
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apply across the whole European mar
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Supervision and Administration Comm
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export market to countries such as
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Conclusion on Corporate Finances Th
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Sequence and Origin of the Accident
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a source of carbon dioxide to smoth
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Figure 29: Cumulative I-131 Concent
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In total, TORCH-2016 (The Other Rep
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in Lithuania, Kozloduy units 1 to 4
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The ISF-2 has been completed, pre-c
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emove the fuel-containing masses (c
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around 4.4 m 3 /hour. 270 Therefore
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Current status of workers The gover
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The government is aggressively seek
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(Full-scale Thyroid Screening Progr
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Costs 315 TEPCO continues to pay co
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contamination. In all parameters li
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However, the average thyroid dose i
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• The Global Energy Assessment 20
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decisions for the construction of n
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consecutive year, making up about 7
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US$43 billion and wind power was US
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Figure 39: Changes in EU Nuclear, S
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hydro renewables power generation a
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Annexes Annex 1: Overview by Region
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The November 2013 edition of the In
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its rated power 374 and until 26 Ma
Page 123 and 124: ebuilding its Gentilly-2 nuclear at
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Page 127 and 128: The U.S. reactor fleet provided 798
Page 129 and 130: units had received a license extens
Page 131 and 132: the capacity market auctions, the p
Page 133 and 134: subsidies already. First, Illinois
Page 135 and 136: Conservation (DEC) to deny the plan
Page 137 and 138: & 2 in Illinois, Pilgrim in Massach
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Page 141 and 142: traditionally been sited, but also
Page 143 and 144: projects only after Sanmen-1 ‘suc
Page 145 and 146: geographically the nuclear plant th
Page 147 and 148: (US$6.6 billion), 546 to as low as
Page 149 and 150: work on site in India for six AP100
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Page 153 and 154: 2010 Strategic Energy Plan, which h
Page 155 and 156: The options for how such targets wo
Page 157 and 158: seismic fault line at the site. The
Page 159 and 160: The IRRS team concluded that the NR
Page 161 and 162: meeting the new regulatory guidelin
Page 163 and 164: declared for the reactor and while
Page 165 and 166: However, observers saw a “dramati
Page 167 and 168: Despite the government’s commitme
Page 169 and 170: end of March 2014, unit 1 of Lungme
Page 171 and 172: after its license had expired, but
Page 173: The following section provides a sh
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Page 179 and 180: In parallel, Fortum Power has been
Page 181 and 182: levels. It now looks plausible that
Page 183 and 184: The Hinkley Point C Saga - A French
Page 185 and 186: esulting in a loss of market share,
Page 187 and 188: for lifetime extensions, before 3/1
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Page 191 and 192: announced in April 2004 that his go
Page 193 and 194: nuclear energy, in the form of dire
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Page 197 and 198: to begin operating in 2024. 829 How
Page 199 and 200: 2019. 839 In December 2015, BKW off
Page 201 and 202: assist in financing. 851 Westinghou
Page 203 and 204: Hungary has only one nuclear power
Page 205 and 206: concluded that when making assumpti
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Page 209 and 210: of the MNPP [Medzamor Nuclear Power
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Page 215 and 216: Annex 2: Japanese Nuclear Reactor S
Page 217 and 218: Comments WNISR considers that the 1
Page 219 and 220: Notes: Top: Air dose at 1 m height
Page 221 and 222: Annex 5: Status of Lifetime Extensi
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Tomas Kåberger has a MSc in Engine
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Annex 7: Abbreviations ABWR AEA AEC
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GPSC GUE/NGL GWEC IAEA IANS IAS ICC
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PLEC PLEX PPA PRIS PV PWR PXE RAPS-
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Annex 8: Status of Nuclear Power in
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Annex 9: Nuclear Reactors in the Wo
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Country/Reactors Units MWe (net) Co
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15 Delayed again. A further delay o
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38 Delayed several times. This esti
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