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eyond December 2018, 689 and the following day, Economics Minister Lee Chih-kung said that restarting the first reactor of Taiwan's first nuclear power plant would only be a last resort to deal with potential power shortages 690 . Environmental groups have launched a court case against the potential restart of Chinshan-1, calling it the “most dangerous reactor in the world”. 691 European Union (EU28) and Switzerland As shown in Figure 44 the European Union 28 member states (EU28) have gone through three nuclear construction waves—two small ones in the 1960s and the 1970s and a larger one in the 1980s (mainly in France). Figure 44: Nuclear Reactors Startups and Shutdowns in the EU28, 1956–2016 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 1956 1960 Reactor Startups and Shutdowns in the EU28 in units, from 1956 to 1 July 2016 © Mycle Schneider Consulting 1970 1980 1990 2000 Reactor Startup Reactor Shutdown 2010 2015 2016 Sources: IAEA-PRIS, MSC, July 2016 The region has not had any significant building activity since the 1990s. Only two reactors were connected to the EU-grid since 2000. Two reactors were closed in 2015, Grafenrheinfeld in Germany and Wylfa-1 in the United Kingdom. Doel-1 in Belgium was shut down in February 2015, 689 Focus Taiwan, Premier considers reactivating long-closed nuclear reactor, 5 June 2016, see http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201606050006.aspx, accessed 2 July 2016. 690 Focus Taiwan, “Restart of reactor a last resort: economics minister”, 6 June 2016, see http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeco/201606060019.aspx, accessed 2 July 2016. 691 Taipei Times, “Activists file suit over Jinshan reactor”, 31 May 2016, see http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/05/31/2003647555, accessed 2 July 2016. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 169 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
after its license had expired, but in June 2015, the Belgian Parliament voted a 10-year lifetime extension and the reactor was restarted on 30 December 2015. 692 Figure 45: Nuclear Reactors and Net Operating Capacity in the EU28, 1956–2016 GWe 160 120 80 40 © Mycle Schneider Consulting Nuclear Reactors and Net Operating Capacity in the EU28 in GWe, from 1956 to 1 July 2016 Reactors in Operation Operable Capacity 123 GWe 177 reactors 118.9 GW 127 reactors Number of Reactors 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 1956 1960 1970 1980 1988 1990 1999 2000 2010 2015 Sources: IAEA-PRIS, MSC, July 2016 Figure 46: Age Pyramid of the 127 Nuclear Reactors Operated in the EU28 Number of Reactors 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 © Mycle Schneider Consulting Age of the 127 Reactors in Operation in the EU28 as of 1 July 2016 Mean Age 31.4 Years 1 1 1 2 3 11 17 8 7 5 15 6 3 2 4 3 3 1 1 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 44 Sources: IAEA-PRIS, MSC, July 2016 692 On 18 June 2015, the Belgian Parliament voted legislation to extend the lifetime of Doel-1 and -2 by ten years. As the Doel-2 license had not yet expired, its operation was not interrupted. See also section on Belgium in Annex 1. Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. 170 World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016
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A MYCLE SCHNEIDER CONSULTING PROJEC
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project coordin
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EBRD Chernobyl Decommissioning/Spen
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TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Nuclear
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Foreword by Tomas Kåberger 1 The W
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Executive Summary and Conclusions K
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WNISR classifies 36 Japanese reacto
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AREVA Debacle (new episode). The Fr
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Fukushima Prefecture, 70 percent of
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Introduction A major accident, like
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the past two decades, nuclear power
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There were three exceptions in 2015
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In the first half of 2016, three re
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The current world fleet has a total
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However, many of those projects (48
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Table 2: Reactor Construction Times
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Figure 11: Construction Starts in t
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large-scale new-build. Having asses
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Figure 15: Age Distribution of 164
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timeframe are highly unlikely given
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The IAEA says that, “seven countr
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for four units equaled approximatel
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Over the past year, the design sele
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In Turkey, up to three projects are
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electricity generating company (EÜ
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However, Rosatom highlighted the
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eportedly considering “suspending
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start in 2020 and commercial operat
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floating reactors. 160 There is als
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nonetheless suggested that the proj
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Nuclear Finances: Corporate Meltdow
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in the U.S. in 2013 from US$5/MBTU
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decides not to proceed with Hinkley
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market capital for renewable energy
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apply across the whole European mar
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Supervision and Administration Comm
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export market to countries such as
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Conclusion on Corporate Finances Th
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Sequence and Origin of the Accident
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a source of carbon dioxide to smoth
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Figure 29: Cumulative I-131 Concent
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In total, TORCH-2016 (The Other Rep
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in Lithuania, Kozloduy units 1 to 4
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The ISF-2 has been completed, pre-c
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emove the fuel-containing masses (c
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around 4.4 m 3 /hour. 270 Therefore
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Current status of workers The gover
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The government is aggressively seek
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(Full-scale Thyroid Screening Progr
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Costs 315 TEPCO continues to pay co
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contamination. In all parameters li
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However, the average thyroid dose i
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• The Global Energy Assessment 20
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decisions for the construction of n
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consecutive year, making up about 7
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US$43 billion and wind power was US
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Figure 39: Changes in EU Nuclear, S
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hydro renewables power generation a
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Annexes Annex 1: Overview by Region
Page 119 and 120: The November 2013 edition of the In
Page 121 and 122: its rated power 374 and until 26 Ma
Page 123 and 124: ebuilding its Gentilly-2 nuclear at
Page 125 and 126: LTEP, released in December 2013, co
Page 127 and 128: The U.S. reactor fleet provided 798
Page 129 and 130: units had received a license extens
Page 131 and 132: the capacity market auctions, the p
Page 133 and 134: subsidies already. First, Illinois
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Page 141 and 142: traditionally been sited, but also
Page 143 and 144: projects only after Sanmen-1 ‘suc
Page 145 and 146: geographically the nuclear plant th
Page 147 and 148: (US$6.6 billion), 546 to as low as
Page 149 and 150: work on site in India for six AP100
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Page 153 and 154: 2010 Strategic Energy Plan, which h
Page 155 and 156: The options for how such targets wo
Page 157 and 158: seismic fault line at the site. The
Page 159 and 160: The IRRS team concluded that the NR
Page 161 and 162: meeting the new regulatory guidelin
Page 163 and 164: declared for the reactor and while
Page 165 and 166: However, observers saw a “dramati
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Page 169: end of March 2014, unit 1 of Lungme
Page 173 and 174: The following section provides a sh
Page 175 and 176: espectively over one month and two
Page 177 and 178: On 22 December 2015, FANC authorize
Page 179 and 180: In parallel, Fortum Power has been
Page 181 and 182: levels. It now looks plausible that
Page 183 and 184: The Hinkley Point C Saga - A French
Page 185 and 186: esulting in a loss of market share,
Page 187 and 188: for lifetime extensions, before 3/1
Page 189 and 190: and coal-fired generation fell back
Page 191 and 192: announced in April 2004 that his go
Page 193 and 194: nuclear energy, in the form of dire
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Page 199 and 200: 2019. 839 In December 2015, BKW off
Page 201 and 202: assist in financing. 851 Westinghou
Page 203 and 204: Hungary has only one nuclear power
Page 205 and 206: concluded that when making assumpti
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Page 215 and 216: Annex 2: Japanese Nuclear Reactor S
Page 217 and 218: Comments WNISR considers that the 1
Page 219 and 220: Notes: Top: Air dose at 1 m height
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Annex 5: Status of Lifetime Extensi
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Plant Grid Connection Extension App
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Tomas Kåberger has a MSc in Engine
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Annex 7: Abbreviations ABWR AEA AEC
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GPSC GUE/NGL GWEC IAEA IANS IAS ICC
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PLEC PLEX PPA PRIS PV PWR PXE RAPS-
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Annex 8: Status of Nuclear Power in
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Annex 9: Nuclear Reactors in the Wo
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Country/Reactors Units MWe (net) Co
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15 Delayed again. A further delay o
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38 Delayed several times. This esti
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